Residency Mnemonics


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Best Residency Mnemonics

Anatomy


Femoral sheath structures NAVEL (lateral to medial)

Nerve
Artery
Vein
Empty Space
Lymphatics
Heart Valve Auscultation SitesAll Patients Take Medications

Starting from top left:
Aortic – 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge
Pulmonary – 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge
Tricuspid – 4th intercostal space, right sternal edge
Mitral – 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
Position of structures passing through the diaphragmI ate ten eggs at 12

T8 – IVC
T10 – Esophagus, vagus n.
T12 – Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct

Biochemistry


Amino acid cotransporter in kidney COLA

Cysteine
Ornithine
Lysine
Arginine
Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease I Love Vermont maple syrup

Isoleucine
Leucine
Valine
Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies FAB GUT

Fructose is to Aldolase B as
Galactose is to UridylTransferase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors TLC For Nancy

Thiamine – B1
Lipoic acid
CoA
FAD
NAD

Biostats and Ethics


Malpractice Claim 4 ElementsDuty
Breach of that duty
Harm
Damage

Blood Pressure


Hypertension TreatmentABCD

A – ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin-II-antagonists (sometimes Alpha-agonists also)
B – Beta-blockers
C – Calcium channel blockers
D – Diuretics (Thiazides)
Hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects“HyperGLUC”

-hyperGlycemia
-hyperLipidemia
-hyperUricemia
-hyperCalcemia

*Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia
Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine

Hydralazine
Methyldopa
Labetalol (and other B Blockers)
Nifedipine (and other CCBs)

Cardiology


Acute CHF/Pulm Edema TreatmentsNO LIP

Nitrates
Oxygen
Loop diuretic
Inotropic drugs
Positioning – upright to pool blood in legs, not lungs
Acute MI“Hurry! Arteries Clogged! Better give Nitro Stat!”

1) Heparin
2) Aspirin
3) Clopidogrel
4) beta-Blocker
5) Nitroglycerin
6) Statin
Acute Unstable Angina PresentationSCAR

S – Sudden central pain, ʻtearingʼ in nature, may radiate to the back
C – Coronary artery occlusion can lead to chest pain, MI or angina
pectoris/Carotid obstruction can lead to hemiparesis, dysphasia or blackouts
A – Anterior spinal artery can be affected leading to paraplegia
R – Renal artery can be affected leading to anuria or renal failure
Acute Unstable Angina Management2 As and BALI

A – Admit, bed rest, high-flow oxygen
A – Analgesia
A – Aspirin and clopidogrel

B – Beta blockers
A – Angiography with or without angioplasty/CABG if symptoms fail to improve
L – Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
I – Infusion of nitrates
Angina Lifestyle Alterations ManagementSLEW

S Smoking cessation
L Low-fat diet
E Exercise
W Weight loss
Antiarrhythmics No Bad Boy Keeps Clean

Na+ channel blockers
B Blockers
K+ channel blockers
Ca2+ channel blockers
Na+ channel blockers – Antiarrhythmic classes 1a Double Quarter Pounder
Disopyramide, Quinidine, Procainamide

1b Mayo Lettuce Tomato
Mexilitime, Lidocaine, Tocainamide

1c Fries Please
Flecainide, Propafenone
Bacterial Endocarditis symptoms FROM JANE

Fever
Roth spots
Osler nodes
Murmur
Janeway lesions
Anemia
Nail bed hemorrhage
Emboli
Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms Be FDR

Bronchospasm/wheezing
Flushing
Diarrhea
Right-sided heart failure/murmur
Cardiac Arrest BLS ManagementABC

A – Airway: clear and maintain with chin lift/jaw thrust/head tilt (if no spinal injury)
B – Breathing: look, listen and feel, if not breathing give two life saving breaths
immediately
C – Circulation: carotid pulse for at least 10 s, if absent give 15 chest
compressions at 100/min

Continue the cycle of 2 breaths and 30 compressions and check the circulation every
minute, proceed to more advanced life support when possible.
Cardiac Arrest ALS ManagementCDE (with A after every step)

C – Cardiac monitor and defibrillator should be attached to the patient
A – Assess rhythm and pulse
D – Defibrillate x 3 if VF or pulseless VT, CPR for 1 min
A – Assess rhythm and pulse
E – EMD (no cardiac output despite ECG showing electrical activity) or asystole
warrants CPR for 3 min
A – Assess rhythm and pulse
Chest Pain/MI TreatmentMONA

Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
Dilated CardiomyopathyABCCCD

Alcohol abuse
wet Berberi
Cocaine – chronic
Chagas disease
Coxsackie B virus
Doxorubicin toxicity
also pregnancy
Emboli TypesFAT BAT

Fat
Amniotic Fluid
Thrombus
Bacterial (endocarditis)
Air
Tumor
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Types/causesLEASH

Loffler syndrome
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Hemochromatosis
Rheumatic Heart Disease major criteria JONES

Joints – migratory polyarthritis
Heart – pancarditis
Nodules – subcutaneous
Erythema Marginatum
Sydenham Chorea – face, tongue, upper limb

Dermatology


Contact Dermatitis AllergensCONTACT

C – Cutaneous type IV reaction
O – Ointments and cosmetics containing lanolin
N – Nickel
T – Topical antibiotics can cause it (e.g. neomycin)
A – Autosensitisation can occur (secondary spread elsewhere)
C – Chromates (cement, leather)/Colophony (plasters, glues, inks)
T – Topical antihistamines and topical anesthetics (hemorrhoid creams) can
cause it
Impetigo PresentationIMPETIGO

I – Infection with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes or both
M – Mostly in young children
P – Particularly around nose and surrounding parts of face
E – Erythematous base with honey-coloured crusts
T – Treat with Topical antibiotic such as fusidic acid for localized lesions
I – Individuals are highly contagious from skin-to-skin contact; Improve hygiene;
do not share towels
G – Gram stain and culture of swab diagnostic
O – Oral flucloxacillin required for widespread impetigo
Layers of Epidermis Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basalis
Lichen Planus6 P’s

Pruritic
Purple
Polygonal
Planar
Papules
Plaques
Melanoma DxABCD

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Color – dark
Diameter – large
Pemphigus Vulgaris signs DAMN is a vulgar word

Desmosomes
Acantholysis
Mouth
Nikolskys sign – skin slides off when rubbed
Skin FunctionsSKIN

S – Specialised sensory innervation/Synthesize Vitamin D/Secretes pheromones
for Sex
K – Keeps out unwanted molecules, microbes or radiation/Keeps in water,
electrolytes and solutes
I – Immunological function; contains antigen-presenting cells
N – Normalises heat regulation
Squamous Cell Carcinoma PresentationS, CELL, C

S – Sun-exposed areas are usually affected: ears, dorsum of the hands, bald
scalp
C – Crusted, firm, irregular lesion
E – Excision used as treatment
L – Lower lip can be affected in smokers
L – Less likely to metastasise
C – Associated with Chronic inflammation such as venous leg ulcers
Tuberous sclerosis symptoms HAMARTOMAS

Hamartomas
Angiofibromas
Mitral regurgitation
Ash leaf spots
Rhabdomyoma (cardiac)
T[uberous sclerosis]
autosomal dOminant
Mental retardation
Angiomyolipoma
Seizures, shagreen patches

Drug-Induced


Drug-Induced LupusSHIPP

Sulfonamides
Hydralazine
Isoniazid
Procainamide
Phenytoin
Pellagra symptoms 4 D’s

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
Photosensitivity – Drug SESAT for Fhoto

Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Tetracycline
(+Fluoroquinolones)

Endocrinology

Addison’s DiseaseADDISON

A – Autoimmune (90% cases)
D – Degenerative (amyloid)
D – Drugs (ketoconazole)
I – Infections (TB, HIV)
S – Secondary (low ACTH); hypopituitarism
O – Others – adrenal bleeding
N – Neoplasia (secondary carcinoma)
Cortisol EffectsBIG FIB

Inc Blood pressure
Inc Insulin resistance
Inc Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis

Dec Fibroblast activity
Dec Inflammatory and Immune responses
Dec Bone formation
Cushing syndrome symptoms BAM, CUSHINGOID

Buffalo hump
Amenorrhea
Moon facies

Crazy (psychosis and agitation)
Ulcers
Skin Changes (acne, purple striae)
HTN
Infection
Necrosis of the femoral head
Glaucoma
Osteoporosis
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus ComplicationsKEVINS

K – Kidney: Nephropathy
E – Eye disease: retinopathy and cataracts
V – Vascular: coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral
vascular disease
I – Infective: TB, recurrent UTIs
N – Neuromuscular; Peripheral neuropathy
S – Skin: Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, granuloma annulare, diabetic
dermopathy
DKA Propagating Factors“8 I’s”

Infection
Infarction
Insulin non-compliance
Ischemia
Iatrogenic (i.e. change in insulin regimen)
Incision
Initial (i.e. initial presentation of diabetes)
Ingestion (e.g. medications, cocaine, and other drugs)
Hormones that use cAMP signaling pathway
Gs
FLAT ChAMP

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

CRH
hCG
ADH – V2
MSH
PTH
Hormones that use IP3 signaling pathway
Gq
GOAT HAG

GnRH
Oxytocin
ADH – V1
TRH

Histamine – H1
Angiotensin II
Gastrin
Hyperthyroidism PresentationSWEATING

S – Sweating
W – Weight loss
E – Emotional lability
A – Appetite is increased
T – Tremor/Tachycardia due to AF
I – Intolerance to heat/Irregular menstruation/Irritability
N – Nervousness
G – Goitre and Gastrointestinal problems (loose stools/diarrhoea)
Hypothyroidism PresentationMOMʼS SO TIRED

M – Memory loss
O – Obesity
M – Malar flush/Menorrhagia
S – Slowness

S – Skin and hair become dry
O – Onset is gradual

T – Tired
I – Intolerance to cold
R – Raised blood pressure
E – Energy levels are low
D – Depressed
Insulin independent glucose uptake sitesBRICK L

Brain
RBCs
Intestine
Cornea
Kidney
Liver
MEN1, MEN2A, MEN2BPPP, MPP, MMP

Parathyroid MEN1
Pituitary
Pancreas

Parathyroid MEN2A
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Pheochromocytoma MEN2B
Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Mucosal Neuroma
Primary hyperparathyroidism symptoms Stones, Bones, Abdominal groans, Thrones, and Psychiatric overtones

Stones – renal and biliary
Bones – bone pain
Abdominal groans – abdominal pain, N/V
Thrones – polyuria
Psychiatric overtones – depression, anxiety
Sleep StagesBATS Drink Blood

Beta – awake/alert
Alpha – awake/relaxed
Theta – stage 1
Sleep Spindles and K complexes – stage 2
Delta – stage 3
Beta – REM

Gastroenterology


Abdominal Distension Causes6 Fʼs

F Fat
F Fetus
F Flatus
F Faeces
F Fluid
F Flipping great tumor
Acute Pancreatitis CausesBAD HHITS

Biliary stones
Alcohol abuse
Drugs – HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypercalcemia
Idiopathic
Trauma
Scorpion sting
Chronic Liver Disease PresentationABCDEFGHIJ

A – Asterixis (ʻliver flapʼ)/Ascites/Ankle oedema/Atrophy of testicles
B – Bruising/BP.
C – Clubbing/Colour change of nails; white (leuconychia)
D – Dupuytrenʼs contracture
E – Erythema (palmar)/Encephalopathy
F – hepatic Foetor
G – Gynaecomastia
H – Hepato splenomegaly
I – Increase in size of parotids
J – Jaundice
Crohn’s Disease a CROw SKIPS along a COBBLESTONE path while pulling a GRAin on A STRING

– CROw = Crohn’s disease
– SKIPS = skip lesions
– Cobblestone = cobblestoning
– GRAin = granulomas
– STRING = string sign

CHRIS Has Too Much Diarrhoea and Abdominal pain

C – Cobblestone appearance of mucosa
H – High temperature
R – Reduced lumen/Rose-thorn ulcers
I – Intestinal fistulae/Ileo-caecal region commonly involved (40% of cases)
S – Skip lesions
H – Hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes
T – Transmural inflammation (all layers, may ulcerate)
M – Malabsorption
D – Diarrhoea (watery)
A – Abdominal pain
Gallstones 4F’sFat
Fertile
Female
over Forty
Ulcerative ColitisULCERS IN Abdomen

U – Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal)
L – Large intestine (rectum always involved. May extend proximally to involve
entire colon)
C – Clubbing
E – Extra-intestinal manifestations
R – Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps)
S – Stools bloody
I – Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub mucosa
N – Neutrophil invasion
A – Abscesses in crypts
Ulcerative Colitis ComplicationsHow To Perform GI Colonoscopy

H – Haemorrhage
T – Toxic megacolon
P – Perforation
G – Gallstones
C – Colorectal carcinoma (in those with extensive disease for > 10 years)
Plummer Vinson syndrome triad DIE

Dysphagia
Iron deficiency anemia
Esophageal webs
Retroperitoneal Structures A DUCK PEAR

Adrenal glands
Duodenum
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Pancreas
Esophagus
Aorta
Rectum
Signet ring cells diseasesGastric Adenocarcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ

Genetics


Autosomal dominant disordersMARFAHN

Marfan, MEN
Acute intermittent porphyria
Retinoblastoma
Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP
ADPKD
Huntington’s, Hereditary spherocytosis
NF type 1
Lesch Nyhan syndrome symptoms HGPRT absence

Hyperuricemia
Gout
Pissed off – agitation, self-mutilation
Retardation
dysTonia
mRNA stop codons UGA – U Go Away
UAA – U Are Away
UAG – U Are Gone
Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome POP

Prader Willi
Overeating and obesity
Paternal gene deletion

MAMA

Maternal gene deletion
Angelman
Mood – inappropriate laughter
Ataxia
X linked disorders Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders

Ocular albinism
Fabry disease
Wiskott-Aldrich
G6PD deficiency
Hunter syndrome
Bruton agammaglobulinemia
Hemophilia A and B
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Hematology


Erythropoiesis sites Young Livers Synthesize Blood

Yolk sac
Liver
Spleen
Bone marrow
Leukemia LEUKEMIA

L – Light skin (pallor)
E – Energy decreased/Enlarged spleen, liver, lymph nodes
U – Underweight
K – Kidney failure
E – Excess heat (fever)
M – Mottled skin (hemorrhage)
I – Infections
A – Anaemia
Microcytic anemia TAILS

T = Thalassemias
A = Anemia of chronic disease (occasionally)
I = Iron deficiency
L = Lead poisoning
S = Sideroblastic anemia (e.g. copper deficiency, B6 deficiency)
Sickle Cell DiseaseSICKLE

S – Splenomegaly/Sludging
I – Infection
C – Cholelithiasis
K – Kidney – haematuria
L – Liver congestion/Leg ulcers
E – Eye changes
Target cells on Blood SmearTHAL

Thalassemia
Hemoglobin C disease
Asplenia
Liver disease
ThrombocytopeniaPLATELETS

P – Platelet disorders: TTP, ITP, DIC
L – Leukaemia
A – Anaemia
T – Trauma
E – Enlarged spleen
L – Liver disease
E – Ethanol
T – Toxins: benzene, heparin, aspirin, chemotherapy.
S – Sepsis

Immunology


DiGeorge syndrome CATCH 22

Cardiac abnormalities – tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus
Abnormal facies
Thymic hypoplasia
Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate
Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia – tetany
22q11 gene deletion
Eosinophilia CausesDNAAACP

Drugs
Neoplasm
Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss)
Addison disease
Acute interstitial nephritis
Collagen vascular disease
Parasites (Ascaris)
HLA B27 Diseases
(Seronegative spondyloarthropathies)
PAIR

Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBD
Reactive arthritis – Reiter syndrome
IL 1-5 functions Hot T Bone stEAk

IL 1 – fever
IL 2 – T cell stimulator
IL 3 – stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth
IL 4 – IgE production – asthma, allergy
IL 5 – IgA and eosinophil production – helminth infection
Lupus can cause what heart problem SLE causes LSE
LSE – Libman-Sacks endocarditis
T3 functions 4 Bs

Brain maturation
Bone growth
Beta-adrenergic effects – B1 in heart
BMR inc
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome WAITER

Wiskott
Aldrich
Immunodeficiency
Thrombocytopenia and purpura
Eczema
Recurrent pyogenic infections
X Linked Immunodeficiencies WACH

Wiskott Aldrich
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
Chronic granulomatous disease
Hyper IgM syndrome

Infectious Diseases


Aerobic Bacteria Nagging Pests Must Breathe

Nocardia
Pseudomonas
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Bacillus
Ampicillin and Amoxicillin Clinical Uses HEELPSS

H flu
E coli
Enterococci
Listeria
Proteus mirabilis
Salmonella
Shigella
Blastomycosis BLAS-tomycosis

Bones
Lungs
And
Skin
Cephalosporins are LAME against LAME

Listeria
Atypical pneumonia (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
MRSA
Enterococci
Culture (-) bacterial endocarditis HACEK

Haemophilus
Actinobacillus
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella
Encapsulated organisms Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies

E. coli – some
S. pneumonia
P. aeruginosa
N. meningitidis
Klebsiella
H. influenza
Salmonella typhi
group B strep
+ Cryptococcus
GastroenteritisLESS GERMS

L – Listeria
E – Escherichia coli
S – Staphylococcus aureus
S – Salmonella
G – Giardia lamblia
E – Entamoeba histolytica
R – Rotavirus
M – Mushrooms
S – Shigella
Gram (-) Use
1st Generation Cephalosporins
Gram (-) PEcK

Proteus
E. coli
Klebsiella
Gram (-) Use
2nd and 3rd Generation Cephalosporins
Gram (-) HENS PEcK

H. influenza
Enterobacter
Neisseria (3rd is better)
Serratia
Proteus
E. coli
Klebsiella
(3rd add Citrobacter)
HIVHIV

H – Homosexuals (note the rising incidence in Heterosexuals too)/Haemophiliacs
IV – IV drug abusers
Lactose Fermenters – pink on MacConkey CEEK

Citrobacter
Enterobacter
Escherichia
Klebsiella
LeprosyLEProsy

L – Loss of sensation in affected skin/Loss of function (paralysis)
E – Enlargement of affected superficial nerves (tender too)
P – Positive identification of M. leprae under microscope
MalariaHeard A Mosquito (early sxs)
H – Headache
A – Anorexia
M – Myalgia/Malaise

Feel Rather Cold (later sxs)
F – Fever (peaks every third day, i.e. tertian)
R – Rigors
C – Chills
Meningitis – BacterialNHS

N – Neisseria meningitides (children and adults; meningococcus)
H – Haemophilus influenzae (children)
S – Streptococcus pneumoniae (adults and elderly)/(Streptococcus produces the
Severest meningitis)/Viral
Meningitis – Fungal2 Cʼs

C – Cryptococcus (associated with HIV infection)
C – Candida
Meningitis – ViralV MECH

V – VZV
M – Mumps
E – Enterovirus/EBV
C – Coxsackie virus types A and B
H – Haemophilus influenzae/HIV/HSV
Metronidazole susceptible organisms GET GAP on the Metro

Giardia
Entamoeba
Trichomonas
Gardnerella vaginalis
Anaerobes (Bacteroides, c.diff)
H.Pylori
Non Lactose Fermenters – White on MacConkeysShYPS

Shigella – nonmotile, non H2S producer
Yersinia – nonmotile, non H2S producer
Proteus – motile, H2S producer
Salmonella – motile, H2S producer
Obligate anaerobes Anaerobes Can’t Breathe Air

Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces

*lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase
Painful vs painless ulcers Some Girls Love Licorice but Fellows Hate Candy

Syphilis
Granuloma Inguinale
Lymphogranuloma venereum
painLess (above)
painFul (below)
Herpes simplex
Chancroid
Reportable diseases STDs
Viral hepatitis
Vaccine-preventable infections
Diarrheal illnesses
Tuberculosis
Strep Pneumo #1 CausesMOPS

Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
TORCHeS infections with assoc symptomsTORCHeS

symptoms of all:
baby = jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation
mother = only mild symptoms

Toxoplasma – toxo (3) chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Other – parvovirus B19 – hydrops fetalis in utero
Rubella – PDa, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash
CMV – unilateral hearing loss, seizure and toxo (3)
HIV
HSV – temporal lobe encephalitis and vesicular lesions
Syphilis

Muskuloskeletal


Hamstring muscles Boys To Men (lateral to medial)

Biceps femoris
semiTendinosus
semiMembranosus
Lateral ankle sprain ATFL

Always Tears First Ligament
Anterior TaloFibular Ligament
Rotator Cuff muscles SItS

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
teres minor
Subscapularis

Nephrology

Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) caused by Drugs5 P’s

Pee – diuretics
Pain-free – NSAIDs
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Proton pump inhibitors
rifamPin

Pheny and Flo SAID Didi CRAPS

1) Phenytoin
2) Fluoroquinolones
3) NSAIDs
4) Diuretics
5) Cephalosporins
6) Rifampin
7) Allopurinol
8) Penicillin
9) Sulfa drugs
Normal Anion Gap acidosis (hyperchloremic) HARD ASS

Hyperalimentation
Addison disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Diarrhea
Acetazolamide
Spironolactone
Saline infusion
High Anion Gap Acidosis causesMUDPILES

Methanol
Uremia – renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Propylene glycol
Iron tablets/Isoniazid
Lactic acid
Ethylene glycol – antifreeze
Salicylates – ASA
Hypercalcemia CausesStones, Bones, Groans, Thrones and Psychiatric overtones

Stones – renal
Bones – pain
Groans – abdominal pain
Thrones – inc urinary frequency
Psychiatric overtones – anxiety, altered mental status
Hyperkalemia CausesDO Insulin LAB
Shifts K out of cell 

Digitalis
hyperOsmolarity
Insulin deficiency
Lysis of cells
Acidosis
Beta-blockers
Hypernatremia Causes6 D’s

Diuretics
Dehydration
Diabetes Insipidus
Docs (iatrogenic)
Diarrhea
Disease of the kidney
Metabolic Acidosis “GOLD MARK”

Glycols (ethylene and propylene glycol)
Oxoproline (glutathione metabolite; i.e. associated with ACETAMINOPHEN use)
L-lactate (“normal” lactate produced by human cells)
D- lactate (formed by bacteria; SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME = primary cause of D-lactic acidosis)

Methanol
Aspirin
Renal failure (uremia)
Ketoacidosis
Nephritic Syndrome“PIg ARM”

P = Post-infectious GN
Ig = IgA nephropathy
A = Alport syndrome
R = RPGN (Rapidly Progressive GN)
M = MPGN (Membranoproliferative GN)
Nephrotic Syndrome“My Feet And My Digits Swell”

M = MCD (Minimal change disease)
F = FSGS (Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis)
A = Amyloidosis
M = Membranous GN (diffuse Membranous GN)
D = Diabetic nephropathy
S = SLE nephropathy
Pheochromocytoma Rule of tens:

10% malignant
10% bilateral
10% extra-adrenal
10% calcify
10% in children
Potter Sequence POTTER

Pulmonary hypoplasia
Oligohydramnios
Twisted skin
Twisted face
Extremities
Renal agenesis
Renal clearance equation UV over Pee

UV/P
U = urine concentration of substance
V = urine flow rate
P = plasma concentration
Renal Failure ConsequenceMAD HUNGER

Metabolic Acidosis
Dyslipidemia – inc TG
Hyperkalemia
Uremia
Na/H2O retention – HF, pulm edema, HTN
Growth retardation and developmental delay
Erythropoietin failure – anemia
Renal osteodystrophy – dec Ca, inc phosphate, dec vit D
Renal papillary necrosisSAAD papa with papillary necrosis

Sickle cell disease or trait
Acute pyelonephritis
Analgesics – NSAIDs
Diabetes
Renal Tubular Defects Fanconi comes First, rest are alphabetical

Fanconi syndrome – defect of PCT – excretion of glucose, AAs, electrolytes, etc
Bartter syndrome – defect in thick ascending loop of henle – presents like loop diuretic – hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, metabolic alkalosis
Gitelman syndrome – defect of NaCl reab in DCT – presents like thiazide diuretic – hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis
Liddle syndrome – inc Na reab in cllecting tubule – presents like hyperaldosteronism – HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
Urge incontinence TxOn The Darn Toilet

Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Darifenacin/Solifenacin
Trospium
Wilms tumor WAGR

Wilms tumor/WT1 gene deletion
Aniridia
GU malformations
mental Retardation

Neurology


AICA lesion symptoms Facial droop means aica’s pooped
Facial droop
Antiparkinson Drugs SALAD:
S – Selegiline
A – Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, orphenadrine)
L – L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide)
A – Amantadine
D – Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole)

Benztropine (Cogentin)

Stimulates parasympathetic nervous system. Nausea, Diarrhea.
Branches of the facial nerveTo Zanzibar By Motorcar

T – Temporal nerve
Z – Zygomatic nerve
B – Buccal nerve
M – Marginal mandibular nerve
C – Cervical nerve
Cranial BonesPEST OF 6

P – Parietal
E – Ethmoidal
S – Sphenoid
T – Temporal

O – Occipital
F – Frontal

6 – This indicates the number of bones
Cranial nerves in the brainstem Rule of 4s:

4 above the pons – 1-4
4 in the pons – 5-8
4 in the medulla – 9-12
4 medial/midline nuclei – 3,4,6,12 – factors of 12
Delirium CausesI WATCH DEATH

Infection

Withdrawal
Acute metabolic/Substance Abuse
Trauma
CNS pathology
Hypoxia

Deficiencies
Endocrine
Acute vascular/MI
Toxins/drugs
Heavy metals
Hypothalamus nuclei lesions Lateral – hunger – If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally
Ventromedial – satiety – if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially
Anterior – cooling – A/C
Posterior – heating
Suprachiasmatic – circadian rhythm – you need sleep to be charismatic
Lateral (Side) structures (4) that start with “S” and associated deficits Spinocerebellar pathway – ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia
Spinothalamic pathway – contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk
Sensory nucleus of CN V – ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V
Sympathetic pathway – ipsilateral horner syndrome
Limbic System 5 Fs5 Fs

Feeding
Fleeing
Fighting
Feeling
Sex – F***ing
Midline structures(4) that start with “M” and associated deficits Motor pathway – corticospinal tract – contralateral arm and leg weakness
Medial lemniscus – contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg
MLF – ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Motor nucleus and nerve – ipsilateral defect of affected – 3,4,6,12
MigraineEAT FUN

E – Episodic
A – Aura – zigzag lines
T – Throbbing headache

F – Family history/F(p)hoto-phobia
U – Unilateral
N – Nausea and vomiting
Multiple Sclerosis Charcot TriadSIIIN

Scanning speech
Intention tremor
Incontinence
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Nucleus Solitarius function

Nucleus aMbiguous function
S – visceral Sensory info – taste, baroreceptors

M – Motor innervation of swallowing – pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
Neural crest cell derivatives MAGIC COPS

Melanocytes
Aorticopulmonary septum
Ganglia – pns, drg, celiac, ans
Iris stroma
Chromaffin cells
Cranial nerves
Odontoblasts/ossicles
Parafollicular (C) cells
Sclerae
Parkinson’s SxTRAPS

Tremor – pill-rolling at rest
Rigidity – cogwheel
Akinesia – bradykinesia
Postural instability
Shuffling gait
Pica lesion symptoms Don’t pick a horse that cant eat

Pick a – pica
Horse – hoarseness
Cant eat – dysphagia
Stroke – investigations4 Ps

P – Plasma: FBC, U&E, ESR, glucose, lipids
P – Pump, i.e heart (ECG, echocardiogram)
P – Pipes: carotid Doppler ultrasound
P – Picture of brain: CT/MRI; detects ischaemia or haemorrhages
Stroke – managementABCDEFGHI

A – Advice – lifestyle changes e.g. stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, lose
weight
B – BP control
C – Cholesterol control
D – Diabetes control
E – Elastic stockings (prophylaxis for DVT, PE)
F – Fibrillation (anticoagulant, rate control and cardiovert as required)
G – Guardian drugs (aspirin, ACE inhibitors, etc)
H – Help from occupational therapy (OT), speech and language therapy (SALT)
and specialist stroke nurse
I – Incontinence care and limit Immobility (pressure sores and contractures may
develop otherwise)

Nutrition


Kwashiorkor SxFLAME

Fatty Liver
Anemia
Malnutrition of protein and energy
Edema

OBGYN


Cervical Cancer Increased RiskMILD H

M = Multiple pregnancy (i.e. multiparity)
I = Infection (e.g. HPV, HIV, chlamydia)
L = Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, multiple partners, early age at coitus, pregnancy prior to age 17)
D = Drugs (e.g. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure)
H = History (e.g. family history of cervical cancer)
Endometrial Carcinoma Risk FactorsHHONDA

Hyperplasia
HTN
Obesity
Nulliparity
Diabetes
Anovulatory state
Labor – onsetReady Mom for Some Discomfort

R – Regular and painful uterine contractions
M – Membranes ruptured
S – ʻShowʼ
D – Dilatation and effacement of cervix
Labor – determine rate and outcome3 Pʼs

P – Powers: strength of the uterine contractions
P – Passages: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet
P – Passengers: fetus – is it big or small, does it have anomalies, is it alive or
dead?
Menopause symptomsHAVOCS

Hot flashes
Atrophy of the Vagina
Osteoporosis
Coronary artery disease
Sleep disturbances
Quad Screening for Trisomy 21 and 18Trisomy 21 = “2 up, 2 down”
– increased Inhibin-A
– increased beta-hCg
– decreased AFP
– decreased estriol

Trisomy 18 = “still UNDERage at 18”
– decreased AFP, estriol, beta-hCG, and inhibin A
Teratogens Clarithromycin – embryotoxic
Sulfonamides – kernicterus
Aminoglycosides – ototoxicity
Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage
Metronidazole – mutagenesis
Tetracyclines – discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth
Ribavirin
Griseofulvin

Oncology


Bone Tumor Xray findings osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone
osteoCLastoma -clean, soap bubble appearance
osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern, Codman’s triangle
Ewing sarcoma -onion rings, onion skinning
Burkitt lymphoma gene translation 8urki14 (Burkitt)
Cancers with Psammoma Bodies PSaMMoma

Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
EPO producing tumors Potentially Really High Hematocrit

Pheochromocytoma
RCC
HCC
Hemangioblastoma
Mets to BonePermanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone

Prostate
RCC
Testes/Thyroid
Lung
Breast
Mets to Brain Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia

Lung
Breast
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney (RCC)
GI tract (colon cancer)
Mets to Liver Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver

Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Breast
Lung
Tumor Lysis Syndrome PiKachU 45678 = 2 out of 4 for diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome

– Phosphorus >4.5
– K >= 6.0
– Ca <= 7.0
– Uric acid >= 8.0

Orthopedics


Olecranon bursitis (and other aseptic bursitis) TreatmentC PRIME

C = Compression (typically with elastic dressings)
P = Protection of joint (with padding or braces)
R = Rest (avoid pain exacerbating movements)
I = Ice
M = Medication (NSAIDs and tylenol)
E = Elevation (above heart level)

*NOTE: injection (i.e. steroids) NOT recommended

Pediatrics


APGAR score Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration
Branchial arch derivatives 1 – Ms and Ts
2 – Ss
3 – pharyngeal
4 – cricothyroid
6 – larynx

Or

Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak
Kawasaki disease symptoms CRASH and burn

Conjunctival infection
Rash – desquamating
Adenopathy – cervical
Strawberry tongue
Hand and foot changes – edema
fever
Mesodermal defects VACTERL

Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheo Esophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects – bone and muscle

Psychiatry


Antipsychotics The Pines, Zines, & Dones were crazy.

ClozaPINE
OlanzaPINE
QuetiaPINE
ProchlorperaZINE
FluphenaZINE
TrifluoperaZINE
ChlorpromaZINE
RisperiDONE
ZiprasiDONE

iSHADE

i – impotence
S- sedation
H – hypotension
A – Akathisia
D – Dermatological SEs
E – Extrapyramidal reactions (acute dystonias, rigidity, tremor, tachycardia)
Benzodiazepines Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle

Medications end mostly in PAM. (Except: Poxide/Pate)

S – Sedation

C – anti-“C”onvulsant

A – anti-Anxiety

M – Muscle relaxant

Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity.

Benzodiazepines: antidote “Ben is off with the flu”:
Flumazenil

The nonbenzo got on the bus and left the group.
BUSpirone

Enhances Inhibitory GABA Effects
Lithium Lithium: side effects LITH
Therapeutic Range ( 0.6 – 1.2)

L – Leukocytosis ( Less than 3000)
I – Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
T – Tremor/ Teratogenesis
H – Hypothyroidism
Major Depressive Disorder CriteriaSIGDECAPS

Sleep
Interest
Guilt
Depression
Energy
Concentration
Appetite
Psychomotor
Suicide – thoughts of death
Manic or Hypomanic episode CriteriaDIG FAST

1 week or more = Manic
4-7 days = hypomanic

Distractibility
Impulsivity
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Activities/psychomotor agitation
Sleep – reduced need
Talkativeness
MAOIs HAHA, Ma owes “Phenel” & “Isocar” a “Tranny”

(PIT – Pit of despair)
“P”henelizine
“I”socarboxazid
“T”ranylcypromine

H – Hypertension/Hypertensive Crisis
A – Anticholinergic Side Effects
H – Hepatocellular Jaundice
A – Arrhythmia/Anorexia
Serotonin Syndrome They were HARMED

H – Hyperthermia
A – Autonomic Instability (Delirium)
R – Rigidity
M – Myoclonis (spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.)
E – Encephalopathy
D -Diaphoresis
SSRI’s Ser Ox Pram BAD SSRI

SERtraline
ParOXetine
FLUOXamine
FLUOXetine
CitaloPRAM
EscitaloPRAM

B – Body weight increase
A – Anxiety
D – Dizziness

S – Serotonin Syndrome
S – Stimulated CNS
R – Reproductive/Sexual dysfunction
I – Insomnia
TCA’s Mean (mine) & depressed They Cried Antidepressants (TCAs).

ImipraMINE
desipraMINE
TrimipraMINE
PratriptylINE
AmitriptylINE
ClomipraMINE

T – Thrombocytopenia
C – Cardiac (Arrhythmia, MI, Stroke)
A – Anticholinergic (Tachycardia, Urinary Retention Blurred vision, Constipation/Confusion)
S – Seizures
Valproic Acid Side Effectsside effects VALPROATE:

V – Vomiting
A – Alopecia
L – Liver toxicity
P – Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia
R – Retention of fats (weight gain)
O – Oedema (peripheral edema)
A – Appetite increase
T – Tremor
E – Enzyme inducer (liver)

(Anticonvulsant) called Depakote
Carbamazepine – Tegretol

Pulmonology

ARDS CausesSPARTAS

Sepsis
Pancreatitis, pneumonia
Aspiration
uRemia
Trauma
Amniotic fluid embolism
Shock
Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve – Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) Inc BAT ACE

BPG (2,3-BPG)
Altitude
Temperature
Acid
CO2
Exercise
Relation of Pulmonary Artery to Bronchus at each hilus RALS

Right
Anterior
Left
Superior
Tuberculosis TreatmentRIPE

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

Rheumatology


Sarcoidosis symptoms A GRaUELING Disease
inc ACE


Gammaglobulinemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Uveitis – eye
Erythema nodosum – skin nodules
Lymphadenopathy – hilar is common
Idiopathic
Non-caseating
Granulomas
inc vitamin D
also inc Ca2+
Scleroderma/CREST syndrome CREST

Calcinosis
Raynauds phenomenon
Esophageal dysmotility
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
Sjogrens syndrome symptoms Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit
Cant see – dry eyes
Cant spit – xerostomia – dry mouth
Cant climb up shit – arthritis

Substance Abuse


Alcohol/Drug screening in childrenCRAFFT

– Car = have you ridden in a CAR driven by someone who was intoxicated or high?
– Relax = do you use alcohol or other substances to RELAX or fit in?
– Alone = do you use drugs or alcohol while ALONE?
– Forget = do you ever FORGET what you did while using drugs or alcohol?
– Friends = do your FRIENDS or family ever recommend that you cut down on drugs or alcohol use?
– Trouble = have you ever been in TROUBLE while using drugs or alcohol?

*NOTE: each question is 1 point and anything >1 is concerning for possible substance dependence
Alcohol Use AssessmentCAGE

Cut back
Annoyance
Guilt
Eye opener
Alcohol – Korsakoff Psychosis RACK

R = Retrograde amnesia
A = Anterograde amnesia
C = Confabulations
K = Korsakoff psychosis
Aspirin Overdose PresentationDAFT HID (early symptoms)

D – Deafness
A – Appear flushed
F – Fever
T – Tinnitus
H – Hyperventilation
I – Increased sweating
D – Dizziness
OPIOIDs Side Effects Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS

B – Bradycardia & hypotension
A – Anorexia
D – Diminished pupillary size

A – Analgesics
M – Miosis
E – Euphoria
R – Respiratory depression
I – Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction)
C – Constipation
A – Ameliorate cough reflex
N – Nausea and vomiting
S – Sedation
Paracetamol OverdoseCOMAH

C – Chronic alcohol abusers
O – On drugs that increase cytochrome P450 activity, anti-TB drugs
M – Malnourished individuals
A – Anorexic patients
H – HIV patients
Pupil dilation COwLA

Cocaine
Opiate withdrawal
LSD
Amphetamines
Wernicke EncephalopathyCOAT

C = Confusion
O = Ophthalmoplegia
A = Ataxic gait
T = Thiamine deficiency

Toxicology


Lead poisoning symptoms LEADS

Lead lines – burton lines
Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling
Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia
Drops – wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and EDTA are treatment.
Succimer used in kids

Vascular


Classic pathway activation GM makes Classic cars

IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement
DIC causesSTOP Making Thrombi

Sepsis
Trauma
Obstetric complications
acute Pancreatitis
Malignancy
Transfusion
Factors affected by a Vit K deficiency diSCo started in 1972
Proteins S and C
Factors X, IX, VII, II
HIT probability“4 T’s”

Thrombocytopenia
Timing
Thrombosis
oTher causes of thrombocytopenia
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) CausesMAID

M – Malignancy
A – Autoimmune diseases: SLE, thyroid disease, RA
I – Infections: malaria, EBV, HIV/Idiopathic (commonest cause)
D – Drugs, e.g. quinine
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) PresentationBBC

B – Bruising
B – Bleeding: mucosal and nasal
C – Cycles heavy; menorrhagia
TTP sx
(Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
FAT RN (Pentad)

Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal Failure
Neurological symptoms

Urology


Sperm Pathway during EjaculationStEVE

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Testicular Cancer TreatmentEradicate Ball Cancer

Etoposide
Bleomycin
Cisplatin

Pharmaceuticals


Adrenergic receptor – G protein (s, i, q) Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs)

A1 – q M1 – q D1 – s
A2 – i M2 – i D2 – i
B1 – s M3 – q H1 – q
B2 – s H2 – s
V1 – q
V2 – s
Gq receptors Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M
QCs
H1 A1 V1
M1 M3

Gq – Phospholipase C – PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+
-> DAG – Protein Kinase C
Gs and Gi receptors Gi – MAD 2s
M2 A2 D2

Gs – the rest
B1 B2 D1 H2 V2

Gs (+)
–> Adenylyl Cyclase –
Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP – Protein Kinase A
Aminogylcoside toxicity NOT

Nephro
Oto
Teratogenic
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy Colored educations seek killer atlases once focused conditioned doorbells meet meticulous technical twigs respectful tonsils get truths

Clarithromycin – embryotoxic
Sulfonamides – kernicterus
Aminoglycosides – ototoxic
Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage
Metronidazole – mutagenesis – 1st trimester
Tetracyclines – yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth
Ribavirin – teratogenic
Griseofulvin – teratogenic
Anticholinergic Side Effects ABCs

A – Anorexia
B – Blurred vision
C – Constipation
‘S – Stasis of Urine
Antihistamines HISTory of Water

hydroxyzine
hydrochloride
hydroxyzine
Cholinergic Agonist toxicity DUMBBELSS

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchospasm
Bradycardia
Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS
Lacrimation
Salivation
Sweating
Corticosteroids Side EffectBAM CUSHINGOID

Buffalo hump
Amenorrhea
Moon facies

Crazy (psychosis, agitation)
Ulcers
Skin changes
Hypertension
Infection
Necrosis of femoral head
Glaucoma and cataracts
Osteoporosis
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
Disulfiram-like reactions Metronidazole
Certain cephalosporins
Procarbazine
1st gen sulfonylureas
Drugs that act on microtubules Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly

Mebendazole
Griseofulvin
Colchicine
Vincristine/Vinblastine
Paclitaxel
Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT

Sotalol
Risperidone
Macrolides
Chloroquine
Protease inhibitors
Quinidine
Thiazides
Gynecomastia causing drugs Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers

Spironolactone
Dope (marijuana)
Digoxin
Estrogens
Cimetidine
Alcohol (chronic)
Heroin
Dopamine D2 antagonists
Ketoconazole
Macrolide uses PUS

Pneumonia – atypical
URI
STDs – chlamydia, gonorrhea
Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol)Hot as a Hare – hyperpyrexia
Red as a Beet – flushing
Blind as a Bat – mydriasis, cycloplegia
Dry as a Bone – lack of salivation/sweating
Mad as a Hatter – confusion/delerium
Bloated as a Toad – constipation and urinary retention
+Tachycardia
Drugs that exhibit zero-order kinetic elimination PEA

Phenytoin
Ethanol
Aspirin
P450 inducers Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism

Griseofulvin
Carbamazepine
Phenytoin
Barbiturates
Rifampin
St. Johns Wort
Chronic Alcoholism
P450 inhibitors CRACK AMIGOS

Cimetidine
Ritonavir (protease inhibitors)
Amiodarone
Ciprofloxacin
Ketoconazole
Acute alcohol use
Macrolides
Isoniazid
Grapefruit juice
Omeprazole
Sulfonamides
Parkinsons drugs BALSA

Bromocriptine
Amantadine
Levodopa/Carbidopa
Selegiline
Antimuscarinics – Benztropine
Potassium-sparing diuretics Potassium, please have a SEAT

Spironolactone aldosterone antagonist
Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist
Amiloride Na+ channel blocker
Triamterene Na+ channel blocker
Protein synthesis inhibitorsBuy AT 30, CCELL at 50

30S:
Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline

50S:
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Erythromycin (all Macrolides)
Lincomycin
Linezolid
R’s of Rifampin 4 R’s

RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up microsomal P450
Red-orange body fluids
Rapid Resistance if used alone
Serotonin Syndrome MADAMS TIPS

Mental status changes
Agitation
Diarrhea
Ataxia
Myoclonus
Shivering
Tremor
Inc reflex
Pyrexia
Sweating

3 A’s

1) Autonomic instability
2) Altered mental status/agitation
3) Neuromuscular activity (e.g. hyperreflexia)
Sulfa pills – allergies Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms

Sulfasalazine
Probenecid
Furosemide
Celecoxib
Thiazides/TMP-SMX
Acetazolamide
Sulfonylureas
Tetracycline uses VACUUM THe BedRoom

Vibrio cholera
Acne
Chlamydia
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Mycoplasma
Tularemia
H. pylori
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Vaccines – Live AttenuatedMR. VaZ MAPSY

Measles
Rubella
Varicella-Zoster
Measles
Adenovirus
Polio (Sabin)
Yellow fever
Vaccines – KilledRIP Always

Rabies
Influenza (injected)
Polio (Salk) – SalK=Killed
hep A virus
Vancomycin toxicity NOT

Nephro
Oto
Thrombophlebitis

Diseases


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