
The Best Medical Mnemonics section provides 100s of High Yield Medical Mnemonics for all four years of USMLE, COMLEX, Medical School, and Residency. Prepare and Learn Ahead! Educating and providing resources to students interested in the medical field.
Please Donate so we can continue building this Website for FREE!
Best Medical Mnemonics
Anatomy
Femoral sheath structures | NAVEL (lateral to medial) Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
Heart Valve Auscultation Sites | All Patients Take Medications Starting from top left: Aortic – 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge Pulmonary – 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge Tricuspid – 4th intercostal space, right sternal edge Mitral – 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line |
Position of structures passing through the diaphragm | I ate ten eggs at 12 T8 – IVC T10 – Esophagus, vagus n. T12 – Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct |
Biochemistry
Amino acid cotransporter in kidney | COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine |
Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease | I Love Vermont maple syrup Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies | FAB GUT Fructose is to Aldolase B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors | TLC For Nancy Thiamine – B1 Lipoic acid CoA FAD NAD |
Biostats and Ethics
Malpractice Claim 4 Elements | Duty Breach of that duty Harm Damage |
Blood Pressure
Hypertension Treatment | ABCD A – ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin-II-antagonists (sometimes Alpha-agonists also) B – Beta-blockers C – Calcium channel blockers D – Diuretics (Thiazides) |
Hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects | “HyperGLUC” -hyperGlycemia -hyperLipidemia -hyperUricemia -hyperCalcemia *Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia |
Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy | Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine Methyldopa Labetalol (and other B Blockers) Nifedipine (and other CCBs) |
Cardiology
Dermatology
Drug-Induced
Drug-Induced Lupus | SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin |
Pellagra symptoms | 4 D’s Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death |
Photosensitivity – Drug SE | SAT for Fhoto Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracycline (+Fluoroquinolones) |
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Abdominal Distension Causes | 6 Fʼs F Fat F Fetus F Flatus F Faeces F Fluid F Flipping great tumor |
Acute Pancreatitis Causes | BAD HHITS Biliary stones Alcohol abuse Drugs – HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma Scorpion sting |
Chronic Liver Disease Presentation | ABCDEFGHIJ A – Asterixis (ʻliver flapʼ)/Ascites/Ankle oedema/Atrophy of testicles B – Bruising/BP. C – Clubbing/Colour change of nails; white (leuconychia) D – Dupuytrenʼs contracture E – Erythema (palmar)/Encephalopathy F – hepatic Foetor G – Gynaecomastia H – Hepato splenomegaly I – Increase in size of parotids J – Jaundice |
Crohn’s Disease | a CROw SKIPS along a COBBLESTONE path while pulling a GRAin on A STRING – CROw = Crohn’s disease – SKIPS = skip lesions – Cobblestone = cobblestoning – GRAin = granulomas – STRING = string sign CHRIS Has Too Much Diarrhoea and Abdominal pain C – Cobblestone appearance of mucosa H – High temperature R – Reduced lumen/Rose-thorn ulcers I – Intestinal fistulae/Ileo-caecal region commonly involved (40% of cases) S – Skip lesions H – Hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes T – Transmural inflammation (all layers, may ulcerate) M – Malabsorption D – Diarrhoea (watery) A – Abdominal pain |
Gallstones 4F’s | Fat Fertile Female over Forty |
Ulcerative Colitis | ULCERS IN Abdomen U – Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal) L – Large intestine (rectum always involved. May extend proximally to involve entire colon) C – Clubbing E – Extra-intestinal manifestations R – Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps) S – Stools bloody I – Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub mucosa N – Neutrophil invasion A – Abscesses in crypts |
Ulcerative Colitis Complications | How To Perform GI Colonoscopy H – Haemorrhage T – Toxic megacolon P – Perforation G – Gallstones C – Colorectal carcinoma (in those with extensive disease for > 10 years) |
Plummer Vinson syndrome triad | DIE Dysphagia Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs |
Retroperitoneal Structures | A DUCK PEAR Adrenal glands Duodenum Ureters Colon Kidneys Pancreas Esophagus Aorta Rectum |
Signet ring cells diseases | Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lobular Carcinoma In Situ |
Genetics
Autosomal dominant disorders | MARFAHN Marfan, MEN Acute intermittent porphyria Retinoblastoma Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP ADPKD Huntington’s, Hereditary spherocytosis NF type 1 |
Lesch Nyhan syndrome symptoms | HGPRT absence Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off – agitation, self-mutilation Retardation dysTonia |
mRNA stop codons | UGA – U Go Away UAA – U Are Away UAG – U Are Gone |
Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome | POP Prader Willi Overeating and obesity Paternal gene deletion MAMA Maternal gene deletion Angelman Mood – inappropriate laughter Ataxia |
X linked disorders | Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich G6PD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia A and B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
Hematology
Immunology
DiGeorge syndrome | CATCH 22 Cardiac abnormalities – tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia – tetany 22q11 gene deletion |
Eosinophilia Causes | DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss) Addison disease Acute interstitial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites (Ascaris) |
HLA B27 Diseases (Seronegative spondyloarthropathies) | PAIR Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reactive arthritis – Reiter syndrome |
IL 1-5 functions | Hot T Bone stEAk IL 1 – fever IL 2 – T cell stimulator IL 3 – stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth IL 4 – IgE production – asthma, allergy IL 5 – IgA and eosinophil production – helminth infection |
Lupus can cause what heart problem | SLE causes LSE LSE – Libman-Sacks endocarditis |
T3 functions | 4 Bs Brain maturation Bone growth Beta-adrenergic effects – B1 in heart BMR inc |
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia and purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections |
X Linked Immunodeficiencies | WACH Wiskott Aldrich Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Chronic granulomatous disease Hyper IgM syndrome |
Infectious Diseases
Muskuloskeletal
Hamstring muscles | Boys To Men (lateral to medial) Biceps femoris semiTendinosus semiMembranosus |
Lateral ankle sprain | ATFL Always Tears First Ligament Anterior TaloFibular Ligament |
Rotator Cuff muscles | SItS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor Subscapularis |
Nephrology
Neurology
AICA lesion symptoms | Facial droop means aica’s pooped Facial droop |
Antiparkinson Drugs | SALAD: S – Selegiline A – Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, orphenadrine) L – L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) A – Amantadine D – Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole) Benztropine (Cogentin) Stimulates parasympathetic nervous system. Nausea, Diarrhea. |
Branches of the facial nerve | To Zanzibar By Motorcar T – Temporal nerve Z – Zygomatic nerve B – Buccal nerve M – Marginal mandibular nerve C – Cervical nerve |
Cranial Bones | PEST OF 6 P – Parietal E – Ethmoidal S – Sphenoid T – Temporal O – Occipital F – Frontal 6 – This indicates the number of bones |
Cranial nerves in the brainstem | Rule of 4s: 4 above the pons – 1-4 4 in the pons – 5-8 4 in the medulla – 9-12 4 medial/midline nuclei – 3,4,6,12 – factors of 12 |
Delirium Causes | I WATCH DEATH Infection Withdrawal Acute metabolic/Substance Abuse Trauma CNS pathology Hypoxia Deficiencies Endocrine Acute vascular/MI Toxins/drugs Heavy metals |
Hypothalamus nuclei lesions | Lateral – hunger – If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally Ventromedial – satiety – if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially Anterior – cooling – A/C Posterior – heating Suprachiasmatic – circadian rhythm – you need sleep to be charismatic |
Lateral (Side) structures (4) that start with “S” and associated deficits | Spinocerebellar pathway – ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia Spinothalamic pathway – contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk Sensory nucleus of CN V – ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V Sympathetic pathway – ipsilateral horner syndrome |
Limbic System 5 Fs | 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Sex – F***ing |
Midline structures(4) that start with “M” and associated deficits | Motor pathway – corticospinal tract – contralateral arm and leg weakness Medial lemniscus – contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg MLF – ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Motor nucleus and nerve – ipsilateral defect of affected – 3,4,6,12 |
Migraine | EAT FUN E – Episodic A – Aura – zigzag lines T – Throbbing headache F – Family history/F(p)hoto-phobia U – Unilateral N – Nausea and vomiting |
Multiple Sclerosis Charcot Triad | SIIIN Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
Nucleus Solitarius function Nucleus aMbiguous function | S – visceral Sensory info – taste, baroreceptors M – Motor innervation of swallowing – pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
Neural crest cell derivatives | MAGIC COPS Melanocytes Aorticopulmonary septum Ganglia – pns, drg, celiac, ans Iris stroma Chromaffin cells Cranial nerves Odontoblasts/ossicles Parafollicular (C) cells Sclerae |
Parkinson’s Sx | TRAPS Tremor – pill-rolling at rest Rigidity – cogwheel Akinesia – bradykinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait |
Pica lesion symptoms | Don’t pick a horse that cant eat Pick a – pica Horse – hoarseness Cant eat – dysphagia |
Stroke – investigations | 4 Ps P – Plasma: FBC, U&E, ESR, glucose, lipids P – Pump, i.e heart (ECG, echocardiogram) P – Pipes: carotid Doppler ultrasound P – Picture of brain: CT/MRI; detects ischaemia or haemorrhages |
Stroke – management | ABCDEFGHI A – Advice – lifestyle changes e.g. stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, lose weight B – BP control C – Cholesterol control D – Diabetes control E – Elastic stockings (prophylaxis for DVT, PE) F – Fibrillation (anticoagulant, rate control and cardiovert as required) G – Guardian drugs (aspirin, ACE inhibitors, etc) H – Help from occupational therapy (OT), speech and language therapy (SALT) and specialist stroke nurse I – Incontinence care and limit Immobility (pressure sores and contractures may develop otherwise) |
Nutrition
Kwashiorkor Sx | FLAME Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition of protein and energy Edema |
OBGYN
Cervical Cancer Increased Risk | MILD H M = Multiple pregnancy (i.e. multiparity) I = Infection (e.g. HPV, HIV, chlamydia) L = Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, multiple partners, early age at coitus, pregnancy prior to age 17) D = Drugs (e.g. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure) H = History (e.g. family history of cervical cancer) |
Endometrial Carcinoma Risk Factors | HHONDA Hyperplasia HTN Obesity Nulliparity Diabetes Anovulatory state |
Labor – onset | Ready Mom for Some Discomfort R – Regular and painful uterine contractions M – Membranes ruptured S – ʻShowʼ D – Dilatation and effacement of cervix |
Labor – determine rate and outcome | 3 Pʼs P – Powers: strength of the uterine contractions P – Passages: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet P – Passengers: fetus – is it big or small, does it have anomalies, is it alive or dead? |
Menopause symptoms | HAVOCS Hot flashes Atrophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances |
Quad Screening for Trisomy 21 and 18 | Trisomy 21 = “2 up, 2 down” – increased Inhibin-A – increased beta-hCg – decreased AFP – decreased estriol Trisomy 18 = “still UNDERage at 18” – decreased AFP, estriol, beta-hCG, and inhibin A |
Teratogens | Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis Tetracyclines – discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth Ribavirin Griseofulvin |
Oncology
Bone Tumor Xray findings | osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone osteoCLastoma -clean, soap bubble appearance osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern, Codman’s triangle Ewing sarcoma -onion rings, onion skinning |
Burkitt lymphoma gene translation | 8urki14 (Burkitt) |
Cancers with Psammoma Bodies | PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
EPO producing tumors | Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheochromocytoma RCC HCC Hemangioblastoma |
Mets to Bone | Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate RCC Testes/Thyroid Lung Breast |
Mets to Brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI tract (colon cancer) |
Mets to Liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
Tumor Lysis Syndrome | PiKachU 45678 = 2 out of 4 for diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome – Phosphorus >4.5 – K >= 6.0 – Ca <= 7.0 – Uric acid >= 8.0 |
Orthopedics
Olecranon bursitis (and other aseptic bursitis) Treatment | C PRIME C = Compression (typically with elastic dressings) P = Protection of joint (with padding or braces) R = Rest (avoid pain exacerbating movements) I = Ice M = Medication (NSAIDs and tylenol) E = Elevation (above heart level) *NOTE: injection (i.e. steroids) NOT recommended |
Pediatrics
APGAR score | Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
Branchial arch derivatives | 1 – Ms and Ts 2 – Ss 3 – pharyngeal 4 – cricothyroid 6 – larynx Or Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak |
Kawasaki disease symptoms | CRASH and burn Conjunctival infection Rash – desquamating Adenopathy – cervical Strawberry tongue Hand and foot changes – edema fever |
Mesodermal defects | VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects – bone and muscle |
Psychiatry
Antipsychotics | The Pines, Zines, & Dones were crazy. ClozaPINE OlanzaPINE QuetiaPINE ProchlorperaZINE FluphenaZINE TrifluoperaZINE ChlorpromaZINE RisperiDONE ZiprasiDONE iSHADE i – impotence S- sedation H – hypotension A – Akathisia D – Dermatological SEs E – Extrapyramidal reactions (acute dystonias, rigidity, tremor, tachycardia) |
Benzodiazepines | Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle Medications end mostly in PAM. (Except: Poxide/Pate) S – Sedation C – anti-“C”onvulsant A – anti-Anxiety M – Muscle relaxant Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity. Benzodiazepines: antidote “Ben is off with the flu”: Flumazenil The nonbenzo got on the bus and left the group. BUSpirone Enhances Inhibitory GABA Effects |
Lithium | Lithium: side effects LITH Therapeutic Range ( 0.6 – 1.2) L – Leukocytosis ( Less than 3000) I – Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] T – Tremor/ Teratogenesis H – Hypothyroidism |
Major Depressive Disorder Criteria | SIGDECAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Depression Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor Suicide – thoughts of death |
Manic or Hypomanic episode Criteria | DIG FAST 1 week or more = Manic 4-7 days = hypomanic Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activities/psychomotor agitation Sleep – reduced need Talkativeness |
MAOIs | HAHA, Ma owes “Phenel” & “Isocar” a “Tranny” (PIT – Pit of despair) “P”henelizine “I”socarboxazid “T”ranylcypromine H – Hypertension/Hypertensive Crisis A – Anticholinergic Side Effects H – Hepatocellular Jaundice A – Arrhythmia/Anorexia |
Serotonin Syndrome | They were HARMED H – Hyperthermia A – Autonomic Instability (Delirium) R – Rigidity M – Myoclonis (spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.) E – Encephalopathy D -Diaphoresis |
SSRI’s | Ser Ox Pram BAD SSRI SERtraline ParOXetine FLUOXamine FLUOXetine CitaloPRAM EscitaloPRAM B – Body weight increase A – Anxiety D – Dizziness S – Serotonin Syndrome S – Stimulated CNS R – Reproductive/Sexual dysfunction I – Insomnia |
TCA’s | Mean (mine) & depressed They Cried Antidepressants (TCAs). ImipraMINE desipraMINE TrimipraMINE PratriptylINE AmitriptylINE ClomipraMINE T – Thrombocytopenia C – Cardiac (Arrhythmia, MI, Stroke) A – Anticholinergic (Tachycardia, Urinary Retention Blurred vision, Constipation/Confusion) S – Seizures |
Valproic Acid Side Effects | side effects VALPROATE: V – Vomiting A – Alopecia L – Liver toxicity P – Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia R – Retention of fats (weight gain) O – Oedema (peripheral edema) A – Appetite increase T – Tremor E – Enzyme inducer (liver) (Anticonvulsant) called Depakote Carbamazepine – Tegretol |
Pulmonology
ARDS Causes | SPARTAS Sepsis Pancreatitis, pneumonia Aspiration uRemia Trauma Amniotic fluid embolism Shock |
Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve – Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) | Inc BAT ACE BPG (2,3-BPG) Altitude Temperature Acid CO2 Exercise |
Relation of Pulmonary Artery to Bronchus at each hilus | RALS Right Anterior Left Superior |
Tuberculosis Treatment | RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
Rheumatology
Sarcoidosis symptoms | A GRaUELING Disease inc ACE Gammaglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Uveitis – eye Erythema nodosum – skin nodules Lymphadenopathy – hilar is common Idiopathic Non-caseating Granulomas inc vitamin D also inc Ca2+ |
Scleroderma/CREST syndrome | CREST Calcinosis Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
Sjogrens syndrome symptoms | Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit Cant see – dry eyes Cant spit – xerostomia – dry mouth Cant climb up shit – arthritis |
Substance Abuse
Alcohol/Drug screening in children | CRAFFT – Car = have you ridden in a CAR driven by someone who was intoxicated or high? – Relax = do you use alcohol or other substances to RELAX or fit in? – Alone = do you use drugs or alcohol while ALONE? – Forget = do you ever FORGET what you did while using drugs or alcohol? – Friends = do your FRIENDS or family ever recommend that you cut down on drugs or alcohol use? – Trouble = have you ever been in TROUBLE while using drugs or alcohol? *NOTE: each question is 1 point and anything >1 is concerning for possible substance dependence |
Alcohol Use Assessment | CAGE Cut back Annoyance Guilt Eye opener |
Alcohol – Korsakoff Psychosis | RACK R = Retrograde amnesia A = Anterograde amnesia C = Confabulations K = Korsakoff psychosis |
Aspirin Overdose Presentation | DAFT HID (early symptoms) D – Deafness A – Appear flushed F – Fever T – Tinnitus H – Hyperventilation I – Increased sweating D – Dizziness |
OPIOIDs Side Effects | Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS B – Bradycardia & hypotension A – Anorexia D – Diminished pupillary size A – Analgesics M – Miosis E – Euphoria R – Respiratory depression I – Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction) C – Constipation A – Ameliorate cough reflex N – Nausea and vomiting S – Sedation |
Paracetamol Overdose | COMAH C – Chronic alcohol abusers O – On drugs that increase cytochrome P450 activity, anti-TB drugs M – Malnourished individuals A – Anorexic patients H – HIV patients |
Pupil dilation | COwLA Cocaine Opiate withdrawal LSD Amphetamines |
Wernicke Encephalopathy | COAT C = Confusion O = Ophthalmoplegia A = Ataxic gait T = Thiamine deficiency |
Toxicology
Lead poisoning symptoms | LEADS Lead lines – burton lines Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia Drops – wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and EDTA are treatment. Succimer used in kids |
Vascular
Classic pathway activation | GM makes Classic cars IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement |
DIC causes | STOP Making Thrombi Sepsis Trauma Obstetric complications acute Pancreatitis Malignancy Transfusion |
Factors affected by a Vit K deficiency | diSCo started in 1972 Proteins S and C Factors X, IX, VII, II |
HIT probability | “4 T’s” Thrombocytopenia Timing Thrombosis oTher causes of thrombocytopenia |
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Causes | MAID M – Malignancy A – Autoimmune diseases: SLE, thyroid disease, RA I – Infections: malaria, EBV, HIV/Idiopathic (commonest cause) D – Drugs, e.g. quinine |
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Presentation | BBC B – Bruising B – Bleeding: mucosal and nasal C – Cycles heavy; menorrhagia |
TTP sx (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | FAT RN (Pentad) Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Failure Neurological symptoms |
Urology
Sperm Pathway during Ejaculation | StEVE Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
Testicular Cancer Treatment | Eradicate Ball Cancer Etoposide Bleomycin Cisplatin |
Pharmaceuticals
Adrenergic receptor – G protein (s, i, q) | Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs) A1 – q M1 – q D1 – s A2 – i M2 – i D2 – i B1 – s M3 – q H1 – q B2 – s H2 – s V1 – q V2 – s |
Gq receptors | Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M QCs H1 A1 V1 M1 M3 Gq – Phospholipase C – PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+ -> DAG – Protein Kinase C |
Gs and Gi receptors | Gi – MAD 2s M2 A2 D2 Gs – the rest B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Gs (+) –> Adenylyl Cyclase – Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP – Protein Kinase A |
Aminogylcoside toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Teratogenic |
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy | Colored educations seek killer atlases once focused conditioned doorbells meet meticulous technical twigs respectful tonsils get truths Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxic Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis – 1st trimester Tetracyclines – yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth Ribavirin – teratogenic Griseofulvin – teratogenic |
Anticholinergic Side Effects | ABCs A – Anorexia B – Blurred vision C – Constipation ‘S – Stasis of Urine |
Antihistamines | HISTory of Water hydroxyzine hydrochloride hydroxyzine |
Cholinergic Agonist toxicity | DUMBBELSS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Bradycardia Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating |
Corticosteroids Side Effect | BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis, agitation) Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma and cataracts Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
Disulfiram-like reactions | Metronidazole Certain cephalosporins Procarbazine 1st gen sulfonylureas |
Drugs that act on microtubules | Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel |
Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades | Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotalol Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibitors Quinidine Thiazides |
Gynecomastia causing drugs | Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers Spironolactone Dope (marijuana) Digoxin Estrogens Cimetidine Alcohol (chronic) Heroin Dopamine D2 antagonists Ketoconazole |
Macrolide uses | PUS Pneumonia – atypical URI STDs – chlamydia, gonorrhea |
Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol) | Hot as a Hare – hyperpyrexia Red as a Beet – flushing Blind as a Bat – mydriasis, cycloplegia Dry as a Bone – lack of salivation/sweating Mad as a Hatter – confusion/delerium Bloated as a Toad – constipation and urinary retention +Tachycardia |
Drugs that exhibit zero-order kinetic elimination | PEA Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
P450 inducers | Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. Johns Wort Chronic Alcoholism |
P450 inhibitors | CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir (protease inhibitors) Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides |
Parkinsons drugs | BALSA Bromocriptine Amantadine Levodopa/Carbidopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics – Benztropine |
Potassium-sparing diuretics | Potassium, please have a SEAT Spironolactone aldosterone antagonist Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist Amiloride Na+ channel blocker Triamterene Na+ channel blocker |
Protein synthesis inhibitors | Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
R’s of Rifampin | 4 R’s RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up microsomal P450 Red-orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
Serotonin Syndrome | MADAMS TIPS Mental status changes Agitation Diarrhea Ataxia Myoclonus Shivering Tremor Inc reflex Pyrexia Sweating 3 A’s 1) Autonomic instability 2) Altered mental status/agitation 3) Neuromuscular activity (e.g. hyperreflexia) |
Sulfa pills – allergies | Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide Celecoxib Thiazides/TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas |
Tetracycline uses | VACUUM THe BedRoom Vibrio cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasma Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Rickettsia |
Vaccines – Live Attenuated | MR. VaZ MAPSY Measles Rubella Varicella-Zoster Measles Adenovirus Polio (Sabin) Yellow fever |
Vaccines – Killed | RIP Always Rabies Influenza (injected) Polio (Salk) – SalK=Killed hep A virus |
Vancomycin toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Thrombophlebitis |
Diseases
Type the disease in the search box ->
Diseases | Mnemonics |
---|---|
1st generation Cephalosporins gram (-) use | Gram (-) PEcK Proteus E. coli Klebsiella |
2nd and 3rd generation Cephalosporins gram (-) use | Gram (-) HENS PEcK H. influenza Enterobacter Neisseria (3rd is better) Serratia Proteus E. coli Klebsiella (3rd add Citrobacter) |
4 elements of malpractice claim | Duty Breach of that duty Harm Damage |
4 lateral (Side) structures that start with "S" and associated deficits | Spinocerebellar pathway - ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia Spinothalamic pathway - contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk Sensory nucleus of CN V - ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V Sympathetic pathway - ipsilateral horner syndrome |
4 Midline structures that start with "M" and associated deficits | Motor pathway - corticospinal tract - contralateral arm and leg weakness Medial lemniscus - contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg MLF - ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Motor nucleus and nerve - ipsilateral defect of affected - 3,4,6,12 |
5 Fs of the limbic system | 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Sex - F***ing |
6 P's of Lichen Planus | Pruritic Purple Polygonal Planar Papules Plaques |
68/95/99 Rule | Standard Deviations 1=68% 2=95% 3=99.7% |
"buy AT 30, CCELL at 50" | 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
"Navir tease a SRINA protease S/E" | -Saquinavir: HyperG, LipoD -Ritonavir: Pancreatitis -Indinavir: HyperG, LipoD, Nephrolithiasis, Hyperbilirubinemia -Nelfinavir: ? -Amprenavir: HyperG, LipoD |
"VACUUM THe BedRoom" | Vibrio cholrae Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Rickettsia |
AA with Three Titratable Curves: CHAGLAT | Cysteine, Histidine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Lysine, Arginine, Tyrosine |
ABC for Carboxylases | ATP, Biotin, & CO2 |
Adrenergic receptor - G protein (s, i, q) | Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs) A1 - q M1 - q D1 - s A2 - i M2 - i D2 - i B1 - s M3 - q H1 - q B2 - s H2 - s V1 - q V2 - s |
Aerobic Bacteria | Nagging Pests Must Breathe Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacillus |
Aggressive Hunter with eagle vision | Hunter's Syndrome- mild Hurler's but with aggression and no corneal clouding |
Aica lesion symptoms | Facial droop means aica's pooped Facial droop |
Amino acid cotransporter in kidney | COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine |
Aminoglycosides: GNATS | Gentomycin, Neomycin, Amikicin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin |
Aminogylcoside toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Teratogenic |
Ampicillin & Amoxicillin HELPS | HiB, E coli/Enterococci, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella (Also Gram + from penicillin) |
Angelman's Syndrome- SAMI the happy puppet | Seizures, Ataxia, Mental Retardation, Inappropriate laughter |
Antiarrythmics | No Bad Boy Keeps Clean Na+ channel blockers B Blockers K+ channel blockers Ca2+ channel blockers |
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy (no mnemonic) | Clarithromycin - embryotoxic Sulfonamides - kernicterus Aminoglycosides - ototoxic Fluoroquinolones - cartilage damage Metronidazole - mutagenisis - 1st trimester Tetracyclines - yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth Ribavirin - teratogenic Griseofulvin - teratogenic |
Aortic Arch Derivatives 1 is Maximal, second=S, 3=C, 4=4 limbs (systemic), 6=P | 1- Maxillary Artery 2- Stapedial & Hyoid Artery 3- Common Carotid (& prox ICA) 4- Aortic Arch (left) and Prox Subclavian (right) 6- Pulmonary Artery (DA) |
APGAR score | Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
Assessment of alcohol use | CAGE Cut back Annoyance Guilt Eye opener |
Autosomal dominant disorders | MARFAHN Marfan, MEN Acute intermittent porphyria Retinoblastoma Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP ADPKD Huntingtons, Hereditary spherocytosis NF type 1 |
AVRP | Accuracy=Valid Reliable=Precision |
Aztreonam kills PESKy bugs when the kidney can't handle aminoglycosides | Proteus, E coli, Serratia, Pseudomonas |
Bacterial Endocarditis symptoms | FROM JANE Fever Roth spots Osler nodes Murmur Janeway lesions Anemia Nail bed hemorrhage Emboli |
Blind galactic Crabs come to eat the peripheral nerves of children with their globoid* goblets | Krabbe's Disease, Optic atrophy, Galactocerebrosidase, Peripheral Neuropathy, Developmental Delay, Globoid Cells |
Blotting- SNoW DRoP | Southern- DNA Northern- RNA Western- Protein |
Bone Tumor Xray findings | osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone osteoCLastoma -clean - soap bubble appearance osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern -Codmans triangle eWING sarcoma -onion rings - onion skinning |
Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease | I Love Vermont maple syrup Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
Branchial Apparatus- CAP | Cleft- Ectoderm Arch- Mesoderm Pouch- Endoderm |
Branchial arch derivatives | 1 - Ms and Ts 2 - Ss 3 - pharyngeal 4 - cricothyroid 6 - larynx Or Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak |
Burkitt lymphoma gene translation | 8urki14 (Burkitt) |
Buzz. Delayed separation of umbilical cord (>30 days) | Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency |
Can't See, Can't Hear, Can't Pee | Alport's Syndrome (Type IV Collagen defect) |
Cancers that metastasize to bone | Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate RCC Testes/Thyroid Lung Breast |
Cancers that metastasize to brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI tract (colon cancer) |
Cancers that metastasize to liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
Cancers with psammoma bodies | PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms | Be FDR Bronchospasm/wheezing Flushing Diarrhea Right sided heart failure/murmur |
CATCH22: 22q11 | Cleft palate, Abnormal facies, Thymus aplasia, Cardiac defects, Hypocalcemia |
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis | BAD HHITS Biliary stones Alcohol abuse Drugs - HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma Scorpion sting |
Causes of ARDS | SPARTAS Sepsis Pancreatitis, pneumonia Aspiration uRemia Trauma Amniotic fluid embolism Shock |
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy | ABCCCD Alcohol abuse wet Berberi Cocaine - chronic Chagas disease Coxsackie B virus Doxorubicin toxicity also pregnancy |
Causes of Eosinophilia | DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss) Addison disease Acute interstitial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites (Ascaris) |
Causes of Hyperkalemia | DO Insulin LAB Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Insulin deficiency Lysis of cells Acidosis Beta blockers |
Causes of Hypernatremia | 6 D's Diuretics Dehydration Diabetes Insipidus Docs (iatrogenic) Diarrhea Disease of the kidney |
Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy | LEASH Loffler syndrome Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis |
Causes of target cells on blood smear | THAL Thalassemia Hemoglobin C disease Asplenia Liver disease |
Cell Cycle: D4-E2 A2-B1 | CyclinD binds CDK4 & CyclinE binds CDK2-> initiates S Phase (Phosphorylate Rb--> free E2F T.Factor) CyclinA binds CDK2 & CyclinB binds CDK1 --> cdc25 initiates mitosis |
Cephalosporins are LAME against: | LAME Listeria Atypical pneumonias (mycoplasma, chlamydia) MRSA Enterococci |
Cerebellar Deep Nuclei: Don't Eat Greasy Food | Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial (L->M) |
Charcot triad of multiple sclerosis | SIIIN Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
Charcot's Triad (MS) | Scanning Speech Nystagmus Intention Tremor |
Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes | Types A, B, C: Africa/Blindness/Chronic Infection Types D-K: STD diseases Types L1-3: Lymphogranuloma venereum & primary ulcers/rectal disease (mistaken for IBD) |
Cholesterol ABCDE | A-I Activates Lcat B-100-Binds to LDL receptor mediates VLDL secretion C-II -cofactor for lipoprotein lipase. b-48- mediates chylomicrone secretion. E- mediates Extra - remnant- uptake |
Cholinergic Agonist toxicity | DUMBBELSS "wet" Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Bradycardia Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating |
Cholinergic intoxication: (SLUDGE) | Salivation Lacrimation Urination Diaphoresis and defecation GI upset Excessive brady- or tachycardia (muscarinic or nicotinic) |
Classic pathway activation | GM makes Classic cars IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement |
Clinical uses for ampicillin and amoxicillin | HEELPSS H flu E coli Enterococci Listeria Proteus mirabilis Salmonella Shigella |
Consequences of renal failure | MAD HUNGER Metabolic Acidosis Dyslipidemia - inc TG Hyperkalemia Uremia Na/H2O retention - HF, pulm edema, HTN Growth retardation and developmental delay Erythropoietin failure - anemia Renal osteodystrophy - dec Ca, inc phosphate, dec vit D |
Corynebacterium diphtheria (ABCDEFGH) | ADP-Ribosylation Beta-Prophage C Diphtheria Elongation Factor-2 Granules (metachromic) Heart (myocarditis/arrhythmia) |
Cranial nerves in the brainstem - rule of 4s | 4 above the pons - 1-4 4 in the pons - 5-8 4 in the medulla - 9-12 4 medial/midline nuclei - 3,4,6,12 - factors of 12 |
Criteria for Manic or Hypomanic episode | DIGFAST 1 week or more = Manic 4-7 days = hypomanic Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activities/psychomotor agitation Sleep - reduced need Talkativeness |
Criteria of diagnosis of MDE - major depressive episode | SIGDECAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Depression Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor Suicide - thoughts of death |
Culture (-) bacterial endocarditis | HACEK Haemophilus Actinobacillus Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella |
Cushing syndrome symptoms | BAM, CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis and agitation) Ulcers Skin Changes (acne, purple striae) HTN Infection Necrosis of the femoral head Glaucoma Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
Cystic Fibrosis: CFPANCREAS | Chronic bronchitis/bronchiectasis Failure to thrive Pancreatic Insufficiency (steatorrhea & low ADEK) Alkalosis Neonatal GI obstruction (meconium ileus) Clubbing of fingeRs Elevated electrolytes in sweat (Cl>60) Atresia of vas deferens (infertility) Staph/Pseudomonas in sputum |
Cystinuria AA- COLA | Cysteine, Ornithine, Lsyine, Arginine -Hereditary defect of renal tubular AA transporter -can lead to Cystine stones (staghorn) |
DEP 21, 18, 13 | Down Syndrome Edward's Syndrome Patau's Syndrome |
Diabetic Retinopathy | -Background retinopathy: no neovascularization, cotton wool spots; hemorrhages, exudates, microaneurysms, venous dilatation, & macular edema -Proliferative retinopathy: neovascularization with risk of vitreal hemorrhage (fragile) & retinal detachment (Laser photocoagulation) |
DiGeorge syndrome | CATCH 22 Cardiac abnormalities - tetralogy of fallot, truncus arteriosus Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia - tetany 22q11 gene deletion |
Diseases associated with HLA B27 (Seronegative sponyloarthropathies) | PAIR Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reactive arthritis - Reiter syndrome |
Diseases with Signet ring cells | Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lobular Carcinoma In Situ |
Disulfiram-like reactions | Metronidazole Certain cephalosporins Procarbazine 1st gen sulfonylureas |
DM Antibodies | Anti-Insulin Ab Anti-Islet Cell cytoplasm Ab Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase Ab (GAD) Anti-Tyrosine phosphatase Ab |
Drug Induced Lupus | SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin |
Drugs that act on microtubules | Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel |
Drugs that cause Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) | 5 P's Pee - diuretics Pain free - NSAIDs Penicillins and cephalosporins Proton pump inhibitors rifamPin |
Drugs that cause agranulocytosis: CCC | Clozapine, Carbomezapine, Colchicine (propylthiouracil & methimazole) |
Drugs that exhibit zero order kinetic elimination | PEA Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
Drugs that Induce Pancreatitis | Furosemide, Thiazides, sulfasalazine, 5-ASA, Azathioprine, L, Asparginase, Valproid Acid, Didanosine, Pentamidine, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines |
Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades | Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotalol Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibitors Quinidine Thiazides |
Effects of cortisol | BIG FIB Inc Blood pressure Inc Insulin resistance Inc Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis Dec Fibroblast activity Dec Inflammatory and Immune responses Dec Bone formation |
Encapsulated organisms | Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies E. coli - some S. pneumo P. aeruginosa N. meningitidis Klebsiella H. influenza Salmonella typhi group B strep + Cryptococcus |
EPO producing tumors | Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheochromocytoma RCC HCC Hemagioblastoma |
Erythropoiesis sites | Young Livers Synthesize Blood Yolk sac Liver Spleen Bone marrow |
Essential AA: PVT TIM HALL | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, & Lysine |
Fabulous gay Fabry has a hand/foot fetish, fabulous shades, raised red-purple skin blemishes, ceramic tiles*, and enjoys creamy cum from Alpha males | Fabry's Disease, Peripheral Neuropathy, Cloudy Cornea, Angiokeratomas, Ceramide Trihexoside, Alpha-Galactosidase A |
Factors affected by a vit K deficiency | diSCo started in 1972 Proteins S and C Factors X, IX, VII, II |
Facultative Anaerobes- Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy | Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella |
Femoral sheath structures | NAVEL (lateral to medial) Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
Fetal Erythropoiesis- Young Liver Synthesizes Blood | Yolk sac (3-8wk) Liver (6-30wk) Spleen (9-28wk) BM (28wk onward) |
Fever in Post-Op Period Wind Water Wound Walking Wein Wonder Drugs | Wind: Atelectasis (1-2) Water: UTI (3-5) Wound: Infection (5-7) Walking: DVT Wein: Thrombophlebitis Wonder Drugs: Antibiotic |
Fragile X Syndrome | Xtra large ears, jaw, and testes |
French legionnaire with his silver helmet, sitting around campfire with his iron dagger; he's not sissy | Legionella pneumophilia Silver stain Charcoal yeast extract (Iron & Cysteine) |
Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies | FAB GUT Fructose is to Aldolase B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase |
Gallstones (4 F's) | Fat Fertile Female over Forty |
Glucogenic AA- His Valentine Met Arg Ketogenic AA- Key to Loosing is Lying | G- Histidine, Valine, Methionine, Arginine K- Leucine & Lysine |
Gluconeogenesis Irreversible Enzymes: Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose | Pyruvate Carboxylase (M): Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate PEP Carboxykinase (C): Oxaloacetate -> PEP Fructose-1,6-BPase (C; RLS): F-1,6-BP -> F6P Glucose-6-Phosphatase (ER): G6P -> Glucose |
Glycogen Storage Diseases- Very Poor Carb Metabolism | von Gierke's (I)- Glycogen-6-phosphate Pompe's (II)- Lysosomal a-1,4- glucosidase (acid maltase) Cori's (III)- a-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme) McArdle's (V)- Glycogen Phosphorylase |
Golgi Transport- COPI goes back to get COPII | COPI- Retrograde COPII- Anterograde |
Got SANDDy drugs for my epilepsy | Sedation Ataxia Nystagmus Diplopia Dizziness |
Gq receptors | Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M QCs H1 A1 V1 M1 M3 Gq - Phospholipase C - PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+ -> DAG - Protein Kinase C |
Gs and Gi receptors | Gi - MAD 2s M2 A2 D2 Gs - the rest B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Gs (+) --> Adenylyl Cyclase - Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP - Protein Kinase A |
Gynecomastia causing drugs | Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers Spironolactone Dope (marijuana) Digoxin Estrogens Cimetidine Alcohol (chronic) Heroin Dopamine D2 antagonists Ketoconazole |
Gynecomastia: Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers | Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol, Ketoconazole |
Hairy Cell Leukemia is TRAP + Trapped in red pulp Trapped in fibrosed BM & Can't enter lymph nodes | HCL: TRAP+, Splenomegaly, Dry Tap, & absent lymphadenopathy |
Hamstring muscles | Boys To Men (lateral to medial) Biceps femoris semiTendinosus semiMembranosus |
Hardy Weinberg and Maggie May Do Not Smoke | No: Mutation, Migration, Drift, Non-Random Mating, Selection of Locus |
Hemolysis in G6PD Deficiency: hemolysis IS PAIN | Isoniazid, Sulfonamides, Primaquine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin (Dapsone) |
HHAPPPPy Virus | Herpesvirus, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus (B19), Papillomavirus (HPV), Polyomavirus (JC), Poxvirus |
High Anion gap Acidosis causes | MUDPILES Methanol Uremia - renal failure Diabetic ketoacidosis Propylene glycol Iron tablets/Isoniazid Lactic acid Ethylene glycol - anti freeze Salicylates - ASA |
HIV NNRTI: NED is noncompetitive (& S/E) | -Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Declaviridine -Same as NRTI + Rash |
HIV NRTI: ZDZ SLATEr is competitive (& S/E) | -Zidovudine: BM suppression, Megaloblastic Anemia & GI intolerance -Didanosine: Peripheral Neuropathy, Pancreatitis, Hepatic Steatosis -Zalcitabine: " -Stavudine: " -Lamivudine, Abacavir, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine -Most: Lactic acidosis (not abacavir) |
Hormones that use cAMP signalling pathway Gs | FLAT ChAMP FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH - V2 MSH PTH |
Hormones that use IP3 signalling pathway Gq | GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH - V1 TRH Histamine - H1 Angiotensin II Gastrin |
How is acromegaly diagnosed? | -Increase in GH 1-2hrs after 100g glucose load (normally d/t insulin) -IGF-1 is also elevated |
Huntington Disease 6 Cs | Ch4, CAG, Low ACh/GABA, Caudate Nucleus atrophy, Chorea, Crazy |
Hurler's Syndrome- HURLER | HSM Ugly gargoyle faces Recessive L-idouronidase (a) Eyes clouded Retardation Short stubby fingers |
Hypothalamus (TALE) Limbic System (5 F's) | -Temp, Appetite, Libido, Emotions -Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, Sex |
Hypothalamus nuclei lesions Lateral area Ventromedial area Anterior hypothalamus Posterior hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic | Lateral - hunger - If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally Ventromedial - satiety - if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially Anterior - cooling - A/C Posterior - heating Suprachiasmatic - circadian rythym - you need sleep to be charismatic |
IL 1-5 functions | Hot T Bone stEAk IL 1 - fever IL 2 - T cell stimulator IL 3 - stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth IL 4 - IgE production - asthma, allergy IL 5 - IgA and eosinophil production - helminth infection |
Influenza: Oh Shift vs Drift | -Genetic Shift (pandemic) due to reassortment (deadly) -Genetic Drift (epidemic) due to random mutation |
Inhaled Anesthetics: MSHINE | Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane Halothane Isoflurane N2O Enflurane |
Insulin independent glucose uptake sites | BRICK L Brain RBCs Intestine Cornea Kidney Liver |
Kawasaki disease symptoms | CRASH and burn Conjunctival infection Rash - desquamating Adenopathy - cervical Strawberry tongue Hand and foot changes - edema fever |
Killed vaccines | RIP Always Killed: Rabies Influenza (injected) salk Polio - SalK=Killed hep A virus |
Lactose Fermenters - pink on MacConkey | CEEK Citrobacter Enterobacter Escherichia Klebsiella |
Layers of Epidermis | Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis Stratum corneum " lucidum " granulosum " spinosum " basalis |
Lead poisoning symptoms | LEAD Lead lines - burton lines Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia Drops - wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and eDta are treatment. Succimer used in kids |
Lesch nyhan syndrome symptoms | HGPRT absence Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off - agitation, self mutilation Retardation dysTonia |
Leukemia ages | 0-14: ALL 15-39: AML 40-59: AML (30% Blasts)/CML 60+: CLL |
Live, attenuated vaccines | MR. VZ MAPSY Live: Measles Rubella Varicella Zoster Measles Adenovirus Polio (Sabin) Yellow fever |
Lupus can cause what heart problem? | SLE causes LSE LSE - Libman-Sacks endocarditis |
Macrolide uses | PUS Pneumonia - atypical URI STDs - chlamydia, gonorrhea |
MAOi- TIPS | Tranylcypromine Isocarboxacid Phenelzine Selegiline (MAO-B) |
Maple Syrup Urine Disease- I Love Vermont maple syrup from Branched trees | Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine (branched AA) |
MARFAN | MVP, Aneurysm (Aortic/Berry), Retinal detachment/lens subluxation, Fibrillin, Arachnodactyly, Negative Nitroprusside test (diff. from homocystinuria) |
MC Brain Tumors in Adults (MGM-Studios) & Kids (AMEy) | Adults: Mets, GM, Meningioma, Schwannoma Kids: Astrocytoma, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma |
MC causes of DIC | STOP Making Thrombi Sepsis Trauma Obstetric complications acute Pancreatitis Malignancy Transfusion |
Melanoma dx | ABCD Assymetry Border irregularity Color - dark Diameter - large |
MEN1, MEN2A, MEN2B | PPP, MPP, MMP Parathyroid MEN1 Pituitary Pancreas Parathyroid MEN2A Pheochromocytoma Medullary Thyroid Cancer Pheochromocytoma MEN2B Medullary Thyroid Cancer Mucosal Neuroma |
Menopause symptoms | HAVOCS Hot flashes Atophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances |
Mesodermal defects | VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects - bone and muscle |
Metabolic Syndrome (3/5) | Abdominal Obesity Triglycerides >150 HDL <40 (<50) Fasting Glucose >100 BP >135/85 |
Metronidazole susceptible organisms | GET GAP on the Metro Giardia Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobes (bacteroidies, c.diff) H.Pylori |
Mets to Brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin Kidney GI tract |
Mets to Liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
Micro- No SPACE for Kats | Nocardia, Staph aureus/Serratia Marscencans, Pseudomonas capecia, Aspergillus/Actinomyces, Candida, E. coli, & Klebsiella |
Micro- PUNCH K | Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, H pylori, Klebsiella |
Micro: Nagging Pests Must Breath O2 & Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air | -Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium (TB), Bacillus -Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces |
mRNA stop codons | UGA - U Go Away UAA - U Are Away UAG - U Are Gone |
My homie ty is fuming and is going to bust a cap in your bones | Deficiency in Homogentisic Acid Oxidase in pathway of Tyrosine to Fumurate. AR/Benign. -Dark CT, Brown sclera, urine darkens, debilitating arthlagias |
Na+ channel blockers - Antiarrythmic classes | 1a Double Quarter Pounder Disopyramide, Quinidine, Procainamide 1b Mayo Lettuce Tomato Mexilitime, Lidocaine, Tocainamide 1c Fries Please Flecainide, Propafenone |
Neimann Marcus is having a swinging sale, all neurons cut at half price. You buy a cherry-red foam* sofa for HSM | Neimann Pick Disease, Sphingomyelinase, Progressive Neurodegeneration, Cherry-Red spot on macula, Foam Cells, Hepatosplenomegaly |
Nematodes EATSANd (roundworms) | (Ingested) Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis (Cutaneous) Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus |
Nephrotoxicity/Ototoxicity: CLAV | Cisplatin, Loop Diuretics, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin |
Neural crest cell derivatives | MAGIC COPS Melanocytes Aorticopulmonary septum Ganglia - pns, drg, celiac, ans Iris stroma Chromaffin cells Cranial nerves Odontoblasts/ossicles Parafollicular (C) cells Sclerae |
Neurofibromatosis 1 (CH17): CAFESPOT | Cafe-au-lait spots, Axillary/Inguinal freckles, Fibromas, Eye (Lisch nodules), Scoliosis, Pheochromocytoma, Optic gliomas |
Non Lactose Fermenters - White on MacConkeys | ShYPS Shigella - nonmotile, non H2S producer Yersinia - " " Proteus - motile, H2S producer Salmonella- " " |
Normal Anion Gap acidosis (hyperchloremic) | HARD ASS Hyperalimentation Addison disease Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spirinolactone Saline infusion |
Nucleus Solitarius function Nucleus aMbiguous function | S - visceral Sensory info - taste, baroreceptors M - Motor innervation of swallowing - pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
Obligate anaerobes | Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces *lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase |
P450 inducers | Guiness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. Johns Wort Chronic Alcoholism |
P450 inhibitors | CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir (protease inhibitors) Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides |
P-450 Inducers: BCG PQRST | Barbiturates Carbamezapine/Chronic Alcohol Griseofulvin Phenytoin Quinidine Rifampin St. John's Wort |
P-450 Inhibitors: ICA KEGS | Isoniazid Cimetidine Alcohol (acute) Ketoconazole Erythromycin Grapefruit Juice/Gemfibrozil Sulfonamides |
Pader-Willi Syndrome- MOHHH the fatty | Mental Retardation, Obesity, Hyperphagia, Hypotonia, Hypogonadism |
Painful vs painless ulcers | Some Girls Love Licorice but Fellows Hate Candy Syphilis Granuloma Inguinale Lymphogranuloma venereum painLess (above) painFul (below) Herpes simplex Chancroid |
Papez Circuit: MATCH | Mammillary Bodies Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus |
PaRaMyxovirus | Parainfluenza (Croup) RSV (Bronchiolotis) Rubeola (Measles) Mumps |
Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol) | Hot as a Hare - hyperpyrexia Red as a Beet - flushing Blind as a Bat - mydriasis, cycloplegia Dry as a Bone - lack of salivation/sweating Mad as a Hatter - confusion/delerium Bloated as a Toad - constipation and urinary retention +Tachycardia |
Parasympathetic: DUMBELSS | Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bradycardia/Bronchospasm Emesis Lacrimation Salivation/Sweating |
Parkinsons drugs | BALSA Bromocriptine Amantidine Levodopa/Carvidopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics - Benztropine |
Pathway of sperm during ejaculation | StEVE Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
PEA drugs have zero-order elimination | Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
Pellagra symptoms | 4 D's Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death |
Pemphigus vulgaris signs | DAMN is a vulgar word Desmosomes Acantholysis Mouth Nikolskys sign - skin slides off when rubbed |
Pentad of sx of TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | FAT RN Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Failure Neurological symptoms |
Phenytoin Side Effects | P-450 activation Hirsutism Enlarged gums Neuropathy (peripheral) Yellow-browining of skin Teratogen (fetal hydantoin syndrome) Osteomalacia Interferes B12 metabolism Nystagmus |
Photosensitivity - Drug SE | SAT for Photo Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracycline (+fluoroquinolones) |
Pica lesion symptoms | Dont pick a horse that cant eat Pick a - pica Horse - hoarseness Cant eat - dysphagia |
Picornavirus- PERCH | PolioV, EchoV, RhinoV, CoxsackieV, HAV) |
Plummer Vinson syndrome triad | Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs Atrophic glossitis |
Position of structures passing through diaphragm | I ate ten eggs at 12 T8 - IVC T10 - Esophagus, vagus n. T12 - Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct |
Positive Strand RNA: Pico Called Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona | Picorna Calici Flavi Toga Retro Reo Corona |
Possible Types of Emboli | FAT BAT Fat Amniotic Fluid Thrombus Bacterial (endocarditis) Air Tumor |
Potassum sparing diuretics | "Potassium, please have a SEAT" Spirinolactone aldosterone antagonist Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist Amiloride Na+ channel blocker Triamterene Na+ channel blocker |
Potter Sequence | POTTER Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydramnios Twisted skin Twisted face Extremities Renal agenesis |
Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome | MAMA Maternal gene deletion Angelman Mood - inappropriate laughter Ataxia POP Prader Willi Overeating and obesity Paternal gene deletion |
Primary hyperparathyroidism symptoms | Stones, Bones, Abdominal groans, Thrones, and Psychiatric overtones Stones - renal and biliary Bones - bone pain Abdominal groans - abdominal pain, N/V Thrones - polyuria Pyschiatric overtones - depression, anxiety |
Protein synthesis inhibitors(30S vs 50S) | "buy AT 30, CCELL at 50" 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
PSaMMoma | Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid/RCC/Prolactinoma Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary/endometrium Meningioma Mesothelioma |
PSEUDOmonas | Pneumonia (cystic fibrosis) Sepsis (black lesion on skin) External otitis (swimmer's ear) UTI (catheter) Druggie/Diabetics- Osteomyelitis Hot Tub Folliculitis |
Pulmonary Fibrosis: GO BAN ME What do pneumocytes release that causes fibrosis? | Gold, Bleomycin/Busulfan, Amiodarone/Acyclovir/Azathioprine, Nitrofurantoin, Melphalan/MTX (TFG-B) |
Pupil dilation | COwLA Cocaine Opiate withdrawal LSD Amphetamines |
Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors | TLC For Nancy Thiamine - B1 Lipoic acid CoA FAD NAD |
R's of Rifampin | RNA polymerase inhibition Revs up CYP450 Red/Orange urine & secretions Resistance increased if used alone |
R's of Rifampin | 4 R's RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up microsomal P450 Red-orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
Radial nerve innervates the BEST muscles | Brachioradialis Extensors of wrist/fingers Supinator Triceps |
Relation of pulm artery to bronchus at each hilus | RALS Right Anterior Left Superior |
Renal clearance equation | UV over Pee UV/P U = urine concentration of substance V = urine flow rate P = plasma concentration |
Renal papillary necrosis | SAAD papa with papillary necrosis Sickle cell disease or trait Acute pyelonephritis Analgesics - NSAIDs Diabetes |
Renal Tubular Defects | Fanconi comes First, rest are alphabetical Fanconi syndrome - defect of PCT - excretion of glucose, AAs, electrolytes, etc Bartter syndrome - defect in thick ascending loop of henle - presents like loop diuretic - hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, metabolic alkalosis Gitelman syndrome - defect of NaCl reab in DCT - presents like thiazide diuretic - hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis Liddle syndrome - inc Na reab in cllecting tubule - presents like hyperaldosteronism - HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis |
Reportable diseases | STDs Viral hepatitis Vaccine-preventable infections Diarrheal illnesses Tuberculosis |
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Types/causes | LEASH Loffler Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis |
Retroperitoneal Structures | A DUCK PEAR Adrenal glands Duodeum Ureters Colon Kidneys Pancreas Esophagus Aorta Rectum |
Rheumatic Heart Disease major criteria | JONES Joints - migratory polyarthritis Heart - pancarditis Nodules - subcutaneous Erythema Marginatum Sydenham Chorea - face, tongue, upper limb |
Riboflavin (B2, 2ATP, 2C's) Niacin (B3, 3ATP, 3D's for Pellagra) | R- Cheilosis & Corneal vascularization N- Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia |
Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) on Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve | Inc BAT ACE BPG (2,3-BPG) Altitude Temperature Acid CO2 Exercise |
Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma | HHONDA Hyperplasia HTN Obesity Nulliparity Diabetes Anovulatory state |
Rotator Cuff muscles | SItS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor Subscapularis |
Rule of tens of Pheochromocytoma | Rule of tens: 10% malignant 10% bilateral 10% extra adrenal 10% calcify 10% in children |
Sarcoidosis symptoms | A GRaUELING Disease inc ACE Gammaglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Uveitis - eye Erythema nodosum - skin nodules Lymphadenopathy - hilar is common Idiopathic Non-caseating Granulomas inc vitamin D also inc Ca2+ |
Scleroderma/CREST syndrome | CREST Calcinosis Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
SE of corticosteroids | BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis, agitation) Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma and cataracts Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
Serotonin Syndrome | MADAMS TIPS Mental status changes Agitation Diarrhea Ataxia Myoclonus Shivering Tremor Inc reflex Pyrexia Sweating |
Serotonin Syndrome may cause HARM | Hyperthermia Autonomic instability Rigidity Myoclonus (antidote: cyproheptadine- 5HT2 antagonist) |
Shifts K out of cell - causing hyperkalemia | DO LAbS on person with hyperkalemia Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Lysis of cells Acidosis b blocker high blood Sugar - insulin deficiency |
Sjogrens syndrome symptoms | Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit Cant see - dry eyes Cant spit - xerostomia - dry mouth Cant climb up shit - arthritis |
SSRI's: Effective For Sadness, Panic, & Compulsions | Escitalopram, Fluoxetine/Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, & Citalopram |
Stages of Sleep | BATS Drink Blood Beta - awake/alert Alpha - awake/relaxed Theta - stage 1 Sleep Spindles and K complexes - stage 2 Delta - stage 3 Beta - REM |
Standard test for diagnosing Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency | Cosyntropin test |
Strep pneumo - #1 cause of MOPS | MOPS Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis |
Sulfa pills - allergies | Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide Celecoxib Thiazides/TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas |
Sx of Kwashiorkor (distinguishing it from marasmus) | FLAME Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition of protein and energy Edema |
Symptoms of hypercalcemia | Stones - renal Bones - pain Groans - abdominal pain Thrones - inc urinary frequency Psychiatric overtones - anxiety, altered mental status |
Symptoms of parkinsons | TRAPS Tremor - pill rolling at rest Rigidity - ccogwheel Akinesia - bradykinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait |
T3 functions | 4 Bs Brain maturation Bone growth Beta adrenergic effects - B1 in heart BMR inc |
T-ALL, Teenagers, Thymic Mass | T-ALL common in teenagers as a mediastinal (thymic) mass |
Taysach's Disease- TAYSACHS | Testing Recommended Amaurosis Fugax/Cherry-red spot on macula Young death (<4) Slow development delays Ashkenazi Jews CNS Degeneration Hexosaminidase A Storage of GM2 ganglioside in lysosomes with onion skinning (and no HSM) |
TB treatment | RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
TCA's: AACIDD-N | Amoxapine Amitriptyline Clomipramine Imipramine Desipramine Doxepin Nortriptyline |
Teratogens | Clarithromycin - embryotoxic Sulfonamides - kernicterus Aminoglycosides - ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones - cartilage damage Metronidazole - mutagenesis Tetracyclines - discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth Ribavirin Griseofulvin |
Tetracyclines VACUUM the BedRoom but Stones stop it | Vibrio cholera, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Tularemia, Mycoplasma pneumonia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia (milk, antacids, & iron ingestion prevent absorption) |
Therapeutic Index- TILE | TI=LD50/ED50 |
TORCHeS infections | -TOxoplasmosis: Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracranial calcifications -Rubella: PDA, Cataracts, Deafness (+blueberry muffin rash) -CMV: Unilateral deafness, seizures, petechial rash -HSV: Temporal encephalitis, vesicular lesions -HIV: recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea (zidovudine for mom) -Syphilis |
TORCHeS infections with assoc syptoms | TORCHeS symptoms of all: baby = jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation mother = only mild symptoms Toxoplasma - toxo (3) chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications Other - parvovirus B19 - hydrops fetalis in utero Rubella - PDa, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash CMV - unilateral hearing loss, seizure and toxo (3) HIV HSV - temporal lobe encephalitis and vesicular lesions Syphilis |
Treatment for Acute CHF/Pulm Edema | NO LIP Nitrates Oxygen Loop diuretic Inotropic drugs Positioning - upright to pool blood in legs, not lungs |
Treatment for Chest Pain/MI | MONA Morphine Oxygen Nitroglycerin Aspirin |
Treatment for hypoglycemia | Diazoxide |
Trinucleotide Repeats: CAG, CTG, CGG, GAA | Huntington's Disease MyoTonic Dystrophy FraGile X Syndrome Friedreich's Ataxia |
Tuberous sclerosis symptoms | HAMARTOMAS Hamartomas Angiofibromas Mitral regurgitation Ash leaf spots Rhabdomyoma (cardiac) T[uberous sclerosis] autosomal dOminant Mental retardation Angiomyolipoma Seizures, shagreen patches |
Tuberous Sclerosis: TUBEROUS | TUberocalcification in the perivent & astrocytomas Blood in urine (Renal cysts & angiomyolipomas) Eye (retinal hamartomas) Rhabdomyosarcoma/Retardation Off-white skin (Ash Leaf Spots) sUb-Ungual fibromas Shagreen Patches & Sebaceous Adenomas |
Tx of testicular cancer | Eradicate Ball Cancer Etoposide Bleomycin Cisplatin |
Tx of urge incontinence | On The Darn Toilet Oxybutinyn Tolterodine Darifenacin/Solfenacin Trospium |
Urea Cycle: Coffee And Alcohol For Aggressive Urine Overload | Citrulline, Aspartate, Arginosuccinate, Fumurate, Arginine, Urea, & Ornithine |
Vancomycin is bad to G+, but NOT good for our histamine | Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis Red Man Syndrome (Histamine; give antihistamines) |
Vancomycin toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Thrombophlebitis |
Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy | Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine Methyldopa Labetalol (and other B Blockers) Nifedipine (and other CCBs) |
Viruses a/w DM 1 | Rubella, Coxsackie, Mumps |
von Hippel Landau (CH3): HIPPEL | Hemangioma (retina, cerebellum, & medulla) Increased RCC (bilaterally) Pheochromocytoma Pancreatic serous cystadenoma Eye dysfunction Liver, Pancreas, & Kidney Cysts |
WAGR complex associated with Wilms tumor | WAGR Wilms tumor Aniridia GU malformation Retardation |
Wallenberg's Horny ADVICe | Horner's Syndrome (Descending Symp. Tract) Ataxia (ICP) Dysphagia (Nucleus Ambiguus) Vertigo, Nystagmus, N/V (Vestibular Nuclei) Ipsilateral pain/temp loss of face (TTT) Contralateral pain/temp loss of body (STT) |
Which ligament [generally] always tears in a lateral ankle sprain? | ATFL Always Tears First Ligament Anterior TaloFibular Ligament |
Which toxins are carried on specialized lysogenic phages (transduction)? (ABCDE) | shigA-like toxin Botulinum Toxin Cholera Toxin Diphtheria Toxin Erythrogenic Toxin (S pyogenes) |
Wilms tumor - WAGR complex | WAGR Wilms tumor Aniridia GU malformations mental Retardation WT1 gene deletion |
Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia and purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections |
Wrinkly old Gaucher sitting in a wheel chair & eating sweet brain candy* + has HSM | Gaucher's Disease, wrinkly looking G cells, aseptic necrosis of femur/bone crisis, B-glucocerebrosidase |
X linked disorders | Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich G6PD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia A and B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
X Linked Immunodeficiencies | WACH Wiskott aldrich bruton Agammaglobulinemia Chronic granulomatous disease Hyper IgM syndrome |
X-linked recessive disorders- Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds, Silly Hopes | Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Fabry's Disease, G6PD Deficiency, Ocular Albinism, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Duchenne (&Becker's) Muscular Dystrophy, Hunter's Syndrome, Hemophilia A/B |
Youtube Videos
Glycolysis Video! <- Click this Link to see video
Popular Pages
Best Resources for Medical School and Residency <-Click the link to view page!
Medschool Anki <- Click the link to view the page!