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Table Of Contents
Best Medical Mnemonics
Anatomy
| Femoral sheath structures | NAVEL (lateral to medial) Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
| Heart Valve Auscultation Sites | All Patients Take Medications Starting from top left: Aortic – 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge Pulmonary – 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge Tricuspid – 4th intercostal space, right sternal edge Mitral – 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line |
| Position of structures passing through the diaphragm | I ate ten eggs at 12 T8 – IVC T10 – Esophagus, vagus n. T12 – Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct |
Biochemistry
| Amino acid cotransporter in kidney | COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine |
| Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease | I Love Vermont maple syrup Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
| Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies | FAB GUT Fructose is to Aldolase B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase |
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors | TLC For Nancy Thiamine – B1 Lipoic acid CoA FAD NAD |
Biostats and Ethics
| Malpractice Claim 4 Elements | Duty Breach of that duty Harm Damage |
Blood Pressure
| Hypertension Treatment | ABCD A – ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin-II-antagonists (sometimes Alpha-agonists also) B – Beta-blockers C – Calcium channel blockers D – Diuretics (Thiazides) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects | “HyperGLUC” -hyperGlycemia -hyperLipidemia -hyperUricemia -hyperCalcemia *Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia |
| Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy | Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine Methyldopa Labetalol (and other B Blockers) Nifedipine (and other CCBs) |
Cardiology
Dermatology
Drug-Induced
| Drug-Induced Lupus | SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin |
| Pellagra symptoms | 4 D’s Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death |
| Photosensitivity – Drug SE | SAT for Fhoto Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracycline (+Fluoroquinolones) |
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
| Abdominal Distension Causes | 6 Fʼs F Fat F Fetus F Flatus F Faeces F Fluid F Flipping great tumor |
| Acute Pancreatitis Causes | BAD HHITS Biliary stones Alcohol abuse Drugs – HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma Scorpion sting |
| Chronic Liver Disease Presentation | ABCDEFGHIJ A – Asterixis (ʻliver flapʼ)/Ascites/Ankle oedema/Atrophy of testicles B – Bruising/BP. C – Clubbing/Colour change of nails; white (leuconychia) D – Dupuytrenʼs contracture E – Erythema (palmar)/Encephalopathy F – hepatic Foetor G – Gynaecomastia H – Hepato splenomegaly I – Increase in size of parotids J – Jaundice |
| Crohn’s Disease | a CROw SKIPS along a COBBLESTONE path while pulling a GRAin on A STRING – CROw = Crohn’s disease – SKIPS = skip lesions – Cobblestone = cobblestoning – GRAin = granulomas – STRING = string sign CHRIS Has Too Much Diarrhoea and Abdominal pain C – Cobblestone appearance of mucosa H – High temperature R – Reduced lumen/Rose-thorn ulcers I – Intestinal fistulae/Ileo-caecal region commonly involved (40% of cases) S – Skip lesions H – Hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes T – Transmural inflammation (all layers, may ulcerate) M – Malabsorption D – Diarrhoea (watery) A – Abdominal pain |
| Gallstones 4F’s | Fat Fertile Female over Forty |
| Ulcerative Colitis | ULCERS IN Abdomen U – Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal) L – Large intestine (rectum always involved. May extend proximally to involve entire colon) C – Clubbing E – Extra-intestinal manifestations R – Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps) S – Stools bloody I – Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub mucosa N – Neutrophil invasion A – Abscesses in crypts |
| Ulcerative Colitis Complications | How To Perform GI Colonoscopy H – Haemorrhage T – Toxic megacolon P – Perforation G – Gallstones C – Colorectal carcinoma (in those with extensive disease for > 10 years) |
| Plummer Vinson syndrome triad | DIE Dysphagia Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs |
| Retroperitoneal Structures | A DUCK PEAR Adrenal glands Duodenum Ureters Colon Kidneys Pancreas Esophagus Aorta Rectum |
| Signet ring cells diseases | Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lobular Carcinoma In Situ |
Genetics
| Autosomal dominant disorders | MARFAHN Marfan, MEN Acute intermittent porphyria Retinoblastoma Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP ADPKD Huntington’s, Hereditary spherocytosis NF type 1 |
| Lesch Nyhan syndrome symptoms | HGPRT absence Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off – agitation, self-mutilation Retardation dysTonia |
| mRNA stop codons | UGA – U Go Away UAA – U Are Away UAG – U Are Gone |
| Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome | POP Prader Willi Overeating and obesity Paternal gene deletion MAMA Maternal gene deletion Angelman Mood – inappropriate laughter Ataxia |
| X linked disorders | Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich G6PD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia A and B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
Hematology
Immunology
| DiGeorge syndrome | CATCH 22 Cardiac abnormalities – tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia – tetany 22q11 gene deletion |
| Eosinophilia Causes | DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss) Addison disease Acute interstitial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites (Ascaris) |
| HLA B27 Diseases (Seronegative spondyloarthropathies) | PAIR Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reactive arthritis – Reiter syndrome |
| IL 1-5 functions | Hot T Bone stEAk IL 1 – fever IL 2 – T cell stimulator IL 3 – stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth IL 4 – IgE production – asthma, allergy IL 5 – IgA and eosinophil production – helminth infection |
| Lupus can cause what heart problem | SLE causes LSE LSE – Libman-Sacks endocarditis |
| T3 functions | 4 Bs Brain maturation Bone growth Beta-adrenergic effects – B1 in heart BMR inc |
| Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia and purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections |
| X Linked Immunodeficiencies | WACH Wiskott Aldrich Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Chronic granulomatous disease Hyper IgM syndrome |
Infectious Diseases
Muskuloskeletal
| Hamstring muscles | Boys To Men (lateral to medial) Biceps femoris semiTendinosus semiMembranosus |
| Lateral ankle sprain | ATFL Always Tears First Ligament Anterior TaloFibular Ligament |
| Rotator Cuff muscles | SItS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor Subscapularis |
Nephrology
Neurology
| AICA lesion symptoms | Facial droop means aica’s pooped Facial droop |
| Antiparkinson Drugs | SALAD: S – Selegiline A – Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, orphenadrine) L – L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) A – Amantadine D – Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole) Benztropine (Cogentin) Stimulates parasympathetic nervous system. Nausea, Diarrhea. |
| Branches of the facial nerve | To Zanzibar By Motorcar T – Temporal nerve Z – Zygomatic nerve B – Buccal nerve M – Marginal mandibular nerve C – Cervical nerve |
| Cranial Bones | PEST OF 6 P – Parietal E – Ethmoidal S – Sphenoid T – Temporal O – Occipital F – Frontal 6 – This indicates the number of bones |
| Cranial nerves in the brainstem | Rule of 4s: 4 above the pons – 1-4 4 in the pons – 5-8 4 in the medulla – 9-12 4 medial/midline nuclei – 3,4,6,12 – factors of 12 |
| Delirium Causes | I WATCH DEATH Infection Withdrawal Acute metabolic/Substance Abuse Trauma CNS pathology Hypoxia Deficiencies Endocrine Acute vascular/MI Toxins/drugs Heavy metals |
| Hypothalamus nuclei lesions | Lateral – hunger – If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally Ventromedial – satiety – if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially Anterior – cooling – A/C Posterior – heating Suprachiasmatic – circadian rhythm – you need sleep to be charismatic |
| Lateral (Side) structures (4) that start with “S” and associated deficits | Spinocerebellar pathway – ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia Spinothalamic pathway – contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk Sensory nucleus of CN V – ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V Sympathetic pathway – ipsilateral horner syndrome |
| Limbic System 5 Fs | 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Sex – F***ing |
| Midline structures(4) that start with “M” and associated deficits | Motor pathway – corticospinal tract – contralateral arm and leg weakness Medial lemniscus – contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg MLF – ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Motor nucleus and nerve – ipsilateral defect of affected – 3,4,6,12 |
| Migraine | EAT FUN E – Episodic A – Aura – zigzag lines T – Throbbing headache F – Family history/F(p)hoto-phobia U – Unilateral N – Nausea and vomiting |
| Multiple Sclerosis Charcot Triad | SIIIN Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
| Nucleus Solitarius function Nucleus aMbiguous function | S – visceral Sensory info – taste, baroreceptors M – Motor innervation of swallowing – pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
| Neural crest cell derivatives | MAGIC COPS Melanocytes Aorticopulmonary septum Ganglia – pns, drg, celiac, ans Iris stroma Chromaffin cells Cranial nerves Odontoblasts/ossicles Parafollicular (C) cells Sclerae |
| Parkinson’s Sx | TRAPS Tremor – pill-rolling at rest Rigidity – cogwheel Akinesia – bradykinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait |
| Pica lesion symptoms | Don’t pick a horse that cant eat Pick a – pica Horse – hoarseness Cant eat – dysphagia |
| Stroke – investigations | 4 Ps P – Plasma: FBC, U&E, ESR, glucose, lipids P – Pump, i.e heart (ECG, echocardiogram) P – Pipes: carotid Doppler ultrasound P – Picture of brain: CT/MRI; detects ischaemia or haemorrhages |
| Stroke – management | ABCDEFGHI A – Advice – lifestyle changes e.g. stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, lose weight B – BP control C – Cholesterol control D – Diabetes control E – Elastic stockings (prophylaxis for DVT, PE) F – Fibrillation (anticoagulant, rate control and cardiovert as required) G – Guardian drugs (aspirin, ACE inhibitors, etc) H – Help from occupational therapy (OT), speech and language therapy (SALT) and specialist stroke nurse I – Incontinence care and limit Immobility (pressure sores and contractures may develop otherwise) |
Nutrition
| Kwashiorkor Sx | FLAME Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition of protein and energy Edema |
OBGYN
| Cervical Cancer Increased Risk | MILD H M = Multiple pregnancy (i.e. multiparity) I = Infection (e.g. HPV, HIV, chlamydia) L = Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, multiple partners, early age at coitus, pregnancy prior to age 17) D = Drugs (e.g. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure) H = History (e.g. family history of cervical cancer) |
| Endometrial Carcinoma Risk Factors | HHONDA Hyperplasia HTN Obesity Nulliparity Diabetes Anovulatory state |
| Labor – onset | Ready Mom for Some Discomfort R – Regular and painful uterine contractions M – Membranes ruptured S – ʻShowʼ D – Dilatation and effacement of cervix |
| Labor – determine rate and outcome | 3 Pʼs P – Powers: strength of the uterine contractions P – Passages: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet P – Passengers: fetus – is it big or small, does it have anomalies, is it alive or dead? |
| Menopause symptoms | HAVOCS Hot flashes Atrophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances |
| Quad Screening for Trisomy 21 and 18 | Trisomy 21 = “2 up, 2 down” – increased Inhibin-A – increased beta-hCg – decreased AFP – decreased estriol Trisomy 18 = “still UNDERage at 18” – decreased AFP, estriol, beta-hCG, and inhibin A |
| Teratogens | Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis Tetracyclines – discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth Ribavirin Griseofulvin |
Oncology
| Bone Tumor Xray findings | osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone osteoCLastoma -clean, soap bubble appearance osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern, Codman’s triangle Ewing sarcoma -onion rings, onion skinning |
| Burkitt lymphoma gene translation | 8urki14 (Burkitt) |
| Cancers with Psammoma Bodies | PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
| EPO producing tumors | Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheochromocytoma RCC HCC Hemangioblastoma |
| Mets to Bone | Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate RCC Testes/Thyroid Lung Breast |
| Mets to Brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI tract (colon cancer) |
| Mets to Liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
| Tumor Lysis Syndrome | PiKachU 45678 = 2 out of 4 for diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome – Phosphorus >4.5 – K >= 6.0 – Ca <= 7.0 – Uric acid >= 8.0 |
Orthopedics
| Olecranon bursitis (and other aseptic bursitis) Treatment | C PRIME C = Compression (typically with elastic dressings) P = Protection of joint (with padding or braces) R = Rest (avoid pain exacerbating movements) I = Ice M = Medication (NSAIDs and tylenol) E = Elevation (above heart level) *NOTE: injection (i.e. steroids) NOT recommended |
Pediatrics
| APGAR score | Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
| Branchial arch derivatives | 1 – Ms and Ts 2 – Ss 3 – pharyngeal 4 – cricothyroid 6 – larynx Or Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak |
| Kawasaki disease symptoms | CRASH and burn Conjunctival infection Rash – desquamating Adenopathy – cervical Strawberry tongue Hand and foot changes – edema fever |
| Mesodermal defects | VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects – bone and muscle |
Psychiatry
| Antipsychotics | The Pines, Zines, & Dones were crazy. ClozaPINE OlanzaPINE QuetiaPINE ProchlorperaZINE FluphenaZINE TrifluoperaZINE ChlorpromaZINE RisperiDONE ZiprasiDONE iSHADE i – impotence S- sedation H – hypotension A – Akathisia D – Dermatological SEs E – Extrapyramidal reactions (acute dystonias, rigidity, tremor, tachycardia) |
| Benzodiazepines | Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle Medications end mostly in PAM. (Except: Poxide/Pate) S – Sedation C – anti-“C”onvulsant A – anti-Anxiety M – Muscle relaxant Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity. Benzodiazepines: antidote “Ben is off with the flu”: Flumazenil The nonbenzo got on the bus and left the group. BUSpirone Enhances Inhibitory GABA Effects |
| Lithium | Lithium: side effects LITH Therapeutic Range ( 0.6 – 1.2) L – Leukocytosis ( Less than 3000) I – Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] T – Tremor/ Teratogenesis H – Hypothyroidism |
| Major Depressive Disorder Criteria | SIGDECAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Depression Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor Suicide – thoughts of death |
| Manic or Hypomanic episode Criteria | DIG FAST 1 week or more = Manic 4-7 days = hypomanic Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activities/psychomotor agitation Sleep – reduced need Talkativeness |
| MAOIs | HAHA, Ma owes “Phenel” & “Isocar” a “Tranny” (PIT – Pit of despair) “P”henelizine “I”socarboxazid “T”ranylcypromine H – Hypertension/Hypertensive Crisis A – Anticholinergic Side Effects H – Hepatocellular Jaundice A – Arrhythmia/Anorexia |
| Serotonin Syndrome | They were HARMED H – Hyperthermia A – Autonomic Instability (Delirium) R – Rigidity M – Myoclonis (spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.) E – Encephalopathy D -Diaphoresis |
| SSRI’s | Ser Ox Pram BAD SSRI SERtraline ParOXetine FLUOXamine FLUOXetine CitaloPRAM EscitaloPRAM B – Body weight increase A – Anxiety D – Dizziness S – Serotonin Syndrome S – Stimulated CNS R – Reproductive/Sexual dysfunction I – Insomnia |
| TCA’s | Mean (mine) & depressed They Cried Antidepressants (TCAs). ImipraMINE desipraMINE TrimipraMINE PratriptylINE AmitriptylINE ClomipraMINE T – Thrombocytopenia C – Cardiac (Arrhythmia, MI, Stroke) A – Anticholinergic (Tachycardia, Urinary Retention Blurred vision, Constipation/Confusion) S – Seizures |
| Valproic Acid Side Effects | side effects VALPROATE: V – Vomiting A – Alopecia L – Liver toxicity P – Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia R – Retention of fats (weight gain) O – Oedema (peripheral edema) A – Appetite increase T – Tremor E – Enzyme inducer (liver) (Anticonvulsant) called Depakote Carbamazepine – Tegretol |
Pulmonology
| ARDS Causes | SPARTAS Sepsis Pancreatitis, pneumonia Aspiration uRemia Trauma Amniotic fluid embolism Shock |
| Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve – Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) | Inc BAT ACE BPG (2,3-BPG) Altitude Temperature Acid CO2 Exercise |
| Relation of Pulmonary Artery to Bronchus at each hilus | RALS Right Anterior Left Superior |
| Tuberculosis Treatment | RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
Rheumatology
| Sarcoidosis symptoms | A GRaUELING Disease inc ACE Gammaglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Uveitis – eye Erythema nodosum – skin nodules Lymphadenopathy – hilar is common Idiopathic Non-caseating Granulomas inc vitamin D also inc Ca2+ |
| Scleroderma/CREST syndrome | CREST Calcinosis Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
| Sjogrens syndrome symptoms | Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit Cant see – dry eyes Cant spit – xerostomia – dry mouth Cant climb up shit – arthritis |
Substance Abuse
| Alcohol/Drug screening in children | CRAFFT – Car = have you ridden in a CAR driven by someone who was intoxicated or high? – Relax = do you use alcohol or other substances to RELAX or fit in? – Alone = do you use drugs or alcohol while ALONE? – Forget = do you ever FORGET what you did while using drugs or alcohol? – Friends = do your FRIENDS or family ever recommend that you cut down on drugs or alcohol use? – Trouble = have you ever been in TROUBLE while using drugs or alcohol? *NOTE: each question is 1 point and anything >1 is concerning for possible substance dependence |
| Alcohol Use Assessment | CAGE Cut back Annoyance Guilt Eye opener |
| Alcohol – Korsakoff Psychosis | RACK R = Retrograde amnesia A = Anterograde amnesia C = Confabulations K = Korsakoff psychosis |
| Aspirin Overdose Presentation | DAFT HID (early symptoms) D – Deafness A – Appear flushed F – Fever T – Tinnitus H – Hyperventilation I – Increased sweating D – Dizziness |
| OPIOIDs Side Effects | Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS B – Bradycardia & hypotension A – Anorexia D – Diminished pupillary size A – Analgesics M – Miosis E – Euphoria R – Respiratory depression I – Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction) C – Constipation A – Ameliorate cough reflex N – Nausea and vomiting S – Sedation |
| Paracetamol Overdose | COMAH C – Chronic alcohol abusers O – On drugs that increase cytochrome P450 activity, anti-TB drugs M – Malnourished individuals A – Anorexic patients H – HIV patients |
| Pupil dilation | COwLA Cocaine Opiate withdrawal LSD Amphetamines |
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | COAT C = Confusion O = Ophthalmoplegia A = Ataxic gait T = Thiamine deficiency |
Toxicology
| Lead poisoning symptoms | LEADS Lead lines – burton lines Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia Drops – wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and EDTA are treatment. Succimer used in kids |
Vascular
| Classic pathway activation | GM makes Classic cars IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement |
| DIC causes | STOP Making Thrombi Sepsis Trauma Obstetric complications acute Pancreatitis Malignancy Transfusion |
| Factors affected by a Vit K deficiency | diSCo started in 1972 Proteins S and C Factors X, IX, VII, II |
| HIT probability | “4 T’s” Thrombocytopenia Timing Thrombosis oTher causes of thrombocytopenia |
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Causes | MAID M – Malignancy A – Autoimmune diseases: SLE, thyroid disease, RA I – Infections: malaria, EBV, HIV/Idiopathic (commonest cause) D – Drugs, e.g. quinine |
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Presentation | BBC B – Bruising B – Bleeding: mucosal and nasal C – Cycles heavy; menorrhagia |
| TTP sx (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | FAT RN (Pentad) Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Failure Neurological symptoms |
Urology
| Sperm Pathway during Ejaculation | StEVE Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
| Testicular Cancer Treatment | Eradicate Ball Cancer Etoposide Bleomycin Cisplatin |
Pharmaceuticals
| Adrenergic receptor – G protein (s, i, q) | Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs) A1 – q M1 – q D1 – s A2 – i M2 – i D2 – i B1 – s M3 – q H1 – q B2 – s H2 – s V1 – q V2 – s |
| Gq receptors | Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M QCs H1 A1 V1 M1 M3 Gq – Phospholipase C – PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+ -> DAG – Protein Kinase C |
| Gs and Gi receptors | Gi – MAD 2s M2 A2 D2 Gs – the rest B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Gs (+) –> Adenylyl Cyclase – Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP – Protein Kinase A |
| Aminogylcoside toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Teratogenic |
| Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy | Colored educations seek killer atlases once focused conditioned doorbells meet meticulous technical twigs respectful tonsils get truths Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxic Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis – 1st trimester Tetracyclines – yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth Ribavirin – teratogenic Griseofulvin – teratogenic |
| Anticholinergic Side Effects | ABCs A – Anorexia B – Blurred vision C – Constipation ‘S – Stasis of Urine |
| Antihistamines | HISTory of Water hydroxyzine hydrochloride hydroxyzine |
| Cholinergic Agonist toxicity | DUMBBELSS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Bradycardia Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating |
| Corticosteroids Side Effect | BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis, agitation) Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma and cataracts Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
| Disulfiram-like reactions | Metronidazole Certain cephalosporins Procarbazine 1st gen sulfonylureas |
| Drugs that act on microtubules | Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel |
| Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades | Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotalol Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibitors Quinidine Thiazides |
| Gynecomastia causing drugs | Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers Spironolactone Dope (marijuana) Digoxin Estrogens Cimetidine Alcohol (chronic) Heroin Dopamine D2 antagonists Ketoconazole |
| Macrolide uses | PUS Pneumonia – atypical URI STDs – chlamydia, gonorrhea |
| Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol) | Hot as a Hare – hyperpyrexia Red as a Beet – flushing Blind as a Bat – mydriasis, cycloplegia Dry as a Bone – lack of salivation/sweating Mad as a Hatter – confusion/delerium Bloated as a Toad – constipation and urinary retention +Tachycardia |
| Drugs that exhibit zero-order kinetic elimination | PEA Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
| P450 inducers | Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. Johns Wort Chronic Alcoholism |
| P450 inhibitors | CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir (protease inhibitors) Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides |
| Parkinsons drugs | BALSA Bromocriptine Amantadine Levodopa/Carbidopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics – Benztropine |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Potassium, please have a SEAT Spironolactone aldosterone antagonist Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist Amiloride Na+ channel blocker Triamterene Na+ channel blocker |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors | Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
| R’s of Rifampin | 4 R’s RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up microsomal P450 Red-orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
| Serotonin Syndrome | MADAMS TIPS Mental status changes Agitation Diarrhea Ataxia Myoclonus Shivering Tremor Inc reflex Pyrexia Sweating 3 A’s 1) Autonomic instability 2) Altered mental status/agitation 3) Neuromuscular activity (e.g. hyperreflexia) |
| Sulfa pills – allergies | Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide Celecoxib Thiazides/TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas |
| Tetracycline uses | VACUUM THe BedRoom Vibrio cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasma Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Rickettsia |
| Vaccines – Live Attenuated | MR. VaZ MAPSY Measles Rubella Varicella-Zoster Measles Adenovirus Polio (Sabin) Yellow fever |
| Vaccines – Killed | RIP Always Rabies Influenza (injected) Polio (Salk) – SalK=Killed hep A virus |
| Vancomycin toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Thrombophlebitis |
Diseases
Type the disease in the search box ->
| Diseases | Mnemonics |
|---|---|
| 1st generation Cephalosporins gram (-) use | Gram (-) PEcK Proteus E. coli Klebsiella |
| 2nd and 3rd generation Cephalosporins gram (-) use | Gram (-) HENS PEcK H. influenza Enterobacter Neisseria (3rd is better) Serratia Proteus E. coli Klebsiella (3rd add Citrobacter) |
| 4 elements of malpractice claim | Duty Breach of that duty Harm Damage |
| 4 lateral (Side) structures that start with "S" and associated deficits | Spinocerebellar pathway - ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia Spinothalamic pathway - contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk Sensory nucleus of CN V - ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V Sympathetic pathway - ipsilateral horner syndrome |
| 4 Midline structures that start with "M" and associated deficits | Motor pathway - corticospinal tract - contralateral arm and leg weakness Medial lemniscus - contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg MLF - ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Motor nucleus and nerve - ipsilateral defect of affected - 3,4,6,12 |
| 5 Fs of the limbic system | 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Sex - F***ing |
| 6 P's of Lichen Planus | Pruritic Purple Polygonal Planar Papules Plaques |
| 68/95/99 Rule | Standard Deviations 1=68% 2=95% 3=99.7% |
| "buy AT 30, CCELL at 50" | 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
| "Navir tease a SRINA protease S/E" | -Saquinavir: HyperG, LipoD -Ritonavir: Pancreatitis -Indinavir: HyperG, LipoD, Nephrolithiasis, Hyperbilirubinemia -Nelfinavir: ? -Amprenavir: HyperG, LipoD |
| "VACUUM THe BedRoom" | Vibrio cholrae Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma Urealyticum Mycoplasma Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Rickettsia |
| AA with Three Titratable Curves: CHAGLAT | Cysteine, Histidine, Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Lysine, Arginine, Tyrosine |
| ABC for Carboxylases | ATP, Biotin, & CO2 |
| Adrenergic receptor - G protein (s, i, q) | Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs) A1 - q M1 - q D1 - s A2 - i M2 - i D2 - i B1 - s M3 - q H1 - q B2 - s H2 - s V1 - q V2 - s |
| Aerobic Bacteria | Nagging Pests Must Breathe Nocardia Pseudomonas Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacillus |
| Aggressive Hunter with eagle vision | Hunter's Syndrome- mild Hurler's but with aggression and no corneal clouding |
| Aica lesion symptoms | Facial droop means aica's pooped Facial droop |
| Amino acid cotransporter in kidney | COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine |
| Aminoglycosides: GNATS | Gentomycin, Neomycin, Amikicin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin |
| Aminogylcoside toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Teratogenic |
| Ampicillin & Amoxicillin HELPS | HiB, E coli/Enterococci, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella (Also Gram + from penicillin) |
| Angelman's Syndrome- SAMI the happy puppet | Seizures, Ataxia, Mental Retardation, Inappropriate laughter |
| Antiarrythmics | No Bad Boy Keeps Clean Na+ channel blockers B Blockers K+ channel blockers Ca2+ channel blockers |
| Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy (no mnemonic) | Clarithromycin - embryotoxic Sulfonamides - kernicterus Aminoglycosides - ototoxic Fluoroquinolones - cartilage damage Metronidazole - mutagenisis - 1st trimester Tetracyclines - yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth Ribavirin - teratogenic Griseofulvin - teratogenic |
| Aortic Arch Derivatives 1 is Maximal, second=S, 3=C, 4=4 limbs (systemic), 6=P | 1- Maxillary Artery 2- Stapedial & Hyoid Artery 3- Common Carotid (& prox ICA) 4- Aortic Arch (left) and Prox Subclavian (right) 6- Pulmonary Artery (DA) |
| APGAR score | Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
| Assessment of alcohol use | CAGE Cut back Annoyance Guilt Eye opener |
| Autosomal dominant disorders | MARFAHN Marfan, MEN Acute intermittent porphyria Retinoblastoma Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP ADPKD Huntingtons, Hereditary spherocytosis NF type 1 |
| AVRP | Accuracy=Valid Reliable=Precision |
| Aztreonam kills PESKy bugs when the kidney can't handle aminoglycosides | Proteus, E coli, Serratia, Pseudomonas |
| Bacterial Endocarditis symptoms | FROM JANE Fever Roth spots Osler nodes Murmur Janeway lesions Anemia Nail bed hemorrhage Emboli |
| Blind galactic Crabs come to eat the peripheral nerves of children with their globoid* goblets | Krabbe's Disease, Optic atrophy, Galactocerebrosidase, Peripheral Neuropathy, Developmental Delay, Globoid Cells |
| Blotting- SNoW DRoP | Southern- DNA Northern- RNA Western- Protein |
| Bone Tumor Xray findings | osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone osteoCLastoma -clean - soap bubble appearance osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern -Codmans triangle eWING sarcoma -onion rings - onion skinning |
| Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease | I Love Vermont maple syrup Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
| Branchial Apparatus- CAP | Cleft- Ectoderm Arch- Mesoderm Pouch- Endoderm |
| Branchial arch derivatives | 1 - Ms and Ts 2 - Ss 3 - pharyngeal 4 - cricothyroid 6 - larynx Or Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak |
| Burkitt lymphoma gene translation | 8urki14 (Burkitt) |
| Buzz. Delayed separation of umbilical cord (>30 days) | Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency |
| Can't See, Can't Hear, Can't Pee | Alport's Syndrome (Type IV Collagen defect) |
| Cancers that metastasize to bone | Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate RCC Testes/Thyroid Lung Breast |
| Cancers that metastasize to brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI tract (colon cancer) |
| Cancers that metastasize to liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
| Cancers with psammoma bodies | PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
| Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms | Be FDR Bronchospasm/wheezing Flushing Diarrhea Right sided heart failure/murmur |
| CATCH22: 22q11 | Cleft palate, Abnormal facies, Thymus aplasia, Cardiac defects, Hypocalcemia |
| Causes of Acute Pancreatitis | BAD HHITS Biliary stones Alcohol abuse Drugs - HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma Scorpion sting |
| Causes of ARDS | SPARTAS Sepsis Pancreatitis, pneumonia Aspiration uRemia Trauma Amniotic fluid embolism Shock |
| Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy | ABCCCD Alcohol abuse wet Berberi Cocaine - chronic Chagas disease Coxsackie B virus Doxorubicin toxicity also pregnancy |
| Causes of Eosinophilia | DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss) Addison disease Acute interstitial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites (Ascaris) |
| Causes of Hyperkalemia | DO Insulin LAB Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Insulin deficiency Lysis of cells Acidosis Beta blockers |
| Causes of Hypernatremia | 6 D's Diuretics Dehydration Diabetes Insipidus Docs (iatrogenic) Diarrhea Disease of the kidney |
| Causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy | LEASH Loffler syndrome Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis |
| Causes of target cells on blood smear | THAL Thalassemia Hemoglobin C disease Asplenia Liver disease |
| Cell Cycle: D4-E2 A2-B1 | CyclinD binds CDK4 & CyclinE binds CDK2-> initiates S Phase (Phosphorylate Rb--> free E2F T.Factor) CyclinA binds CDK2 & CyclinB binds CDK1 --> cdc25 initiates mitosis |
| Cephalosporins are LAME against: | LAME Listeria Atypical pneumonias (mycoplasma, chlamydia) MRSA Enterococci |
| Cerebellar Deep Nuclei: Don't Eat Greasy Food | Dentate, Emboliform, Globose, Fastigial (L->M) |
| Charcot triad of multiple sclerosis | SIIIN Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
| Charcot's Triad (MS) | Scanning Speech Nystagmus Intention Tremor |
| Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes | Types A, B, C: Africa/Blindness/Chronic Infection Types D-K: STD diseases Types L1-3: Lymphogranuloma venereum & primary ulcers/rectal disease (mistaken for IBD) |
| Cholesterol ABCDE | A-I Activates Lcat B-100-Binds to LDL receptor mediates VLDL secretion C-II -cofactor for lipoprotein lipase. b-48- mediates chylomicrone secretion. E- mediates Extra - remnant- uptake |
| Cholinergic Agonist toxicity | DUMBBELSS "wet" Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Bradycardia Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating |
| Cholinergic intoxication: (SLUDGE) | Salivation Lacrimation Urination Diaphoresis and defecation GI upset Excessive brady- or tachycardia (muscarinic or nicotinic) |
| Classic pathway activation | GM makes Classic cars IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement |
| Clinical uses for ampicillin and amoxicillin | HEELPSS H flu E coli Enterococci Listeria Proteus mirabilis Salmonella Shigella |
| Consequences of renal failure | MAD HUNGER Metabolic Acidosis Dyslipidemia - inc TG Hyperkalemia Uremia Na/H2O retention - HF, pulm edema, HTN Growth retardation and developmental delay Erythropoietin failure - anemia Renal osteodystrophy - dec Ca, inc phosphate, dec vit D |
| Corynebacterium diphtheria (ABCDEFGH) | ADP-Ribosylation Beta-Prophage C Diphtheria Elongation Factor-2 Granules (metachromic) Heart (myocarditis/arrhythmia) |
| Cranial nerves in the brainstem - rule of 4s | 4 above the pons - 1-4 4 in the pons - 5-8 4 in the medulla - 9-12 4 medial/midline nuclei - 3,4,6,12 - factors of 12 |
| Criteria for Manic or Hypomanic episode | DIGFAST 1 week or more = Manic 4-7 days = hypomanic Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activities/psychomotor agitation Sleep - reduced need Talkativeness |
| Criteria of diagnosis of MDE - major depressive episode | SIGDECAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Depression Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor Suicide - thoughts of death |
| Culture (-) bacterial endocarditis | HACEK Haemophilus Actinobacillus Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella |
| Cushing syndrome symptoms | BAM, CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis and agitation) Ulcers Skin Changes (acne, purple striae) HTN Infection Necrosis of the femoral head Glaucoma Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
| Cystic Fibrosis: CFPANCREAS | Chronic bronchitis/bronchiectasis Failure to thrive Pancreatic Insufficiency (steatorrhea & low ADEK) Alkalosis Neonatal GI obstruction (meconium ileus) Clubbing of fingeRs Elevated electrolytes in sweat (Cl>60) Atresia of vas deferens (infertility) Staph/Pseudomonas in sputum |
| Cystinuria AA- COLA | Cysteine, Ornithine, Lsyine, Arginine -Hereditary defect of renal tubular AA transporter -can lead to Cystine stones (staghorn) |
| DEP 21, 18, 13 | Down Syndrome Edward's Syndrome Patau's Syndrome |
| Diabetic Retinopathy | -Background retinopathy: no neovascularization, cotton wool spots; hemorrhages, exudates, microaneurysms, venous dilatation, & macular edema -Proliferative retinopathy: neovascularization with risk of vitreal hemorrhage (fragile) & retinal detachment (Laser photocoagulation) |
| DiGeorge syndrome | CATCH 22 Cardiac abnormalities - tetralogy of fallot, truncus arteriosus Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia - tetany 22q11 gene deletion |
| Diseases associated with HLA B27 (Seronegative sponyloarthropathies) | PAIR Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reactive arthritis - Reiter syndrome |
| Diseases with Signet ring cells | Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lobular Carcinoma In Situ |
| Disulfiram-like reactions | Metronidazole Certain cephalosporins Procarbazine 1st gen sulfonylureas |
| DM Antibodies | Anti-Insulin Ab Anti-Islet Cell cytoplasm Ab Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase Ab (GAD) Anti-Tyrosine phosphatase Ab |
| Drug Induced Lupus | SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin |
| Drugs that act on microtubules | Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel |
| Drugs that cause Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) | 5 P's Pee - diuretics Pain free - NSAIDs Penicillins and cephalosporins Proton pump inhibitors rifamPin |
| Drugs that cause agranulocytosis: CCC | Clozapine, Carbomezapine, Colchicine (propylthiouracil & methimazole) |
| Drugs that exhibit zero order kinetic elimination | PEA Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
| Drugs that Induce Pancreatitis | Furosemide, Thiazides, sulfasalazine, 5-ASA, Azathioprine, L, Asparginase, Valproid Acid, Didanosine, Pentamidine, Metronidazole, Tetracyclines |
| Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades | Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotalol Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibitors Quinidine Thiazides |
| Effects of cortisol | BIG FIB Inc Blood pressure Inc Insulin resistance Inc Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis Dec Fibroblast activity Dec Inflammatory and Immune responses Dec Bone formation |
| Encapsulated organisms | Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies E. coli - some S. pneumo P. aeruginosa N. meningitidis Klebsiella H. influenza Salmonella typhi group B strep + Cryptococcus |
| EPO producing tumors | Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheochromocytoma RCC HCC Hemagioblastoma |
| Erythropoiesis sites | Young Livers Synthesize Blood Yolk sac Liver Spleen Bone marrow |
| Essential AA: PVT TIM HALL | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, & Lysine |
| Fabulous gay Fabry has a hand/foot fetish, fabulous shades, raised red-purple skin blemishes, ceramic tiles*, and enjoys creamy cum from Alpha males | Fabry's Disease, Peripheral Neuropathy, Cloudy Cornea, Angiokeratomas, Ceramide Trihexoside, Alpha-Galactosidase A |
| Factors affected by a vit K deficiency | diSCo started in 1972 Proteins S and C Factors X, IX, VII, II |
| Facultative Anaerobes- Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy | Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella |
| Femoral sheath structures | NAVEL (lateral to medial) Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
| Fetal Erythropoiesis- Young Liver Synthesizes Blood | Yolk sac (3-8wk) Liver (6-30wk) Spleen (9-28wk) BM (28wk onward) |
| Fever in Post-Op Period Wind Water Wound Walking Wein Wonder Drugs | Wind: Atelectasis (1-2) Water: UTI (3-5) Wound: Infection (5-7) Walking: DVT Wein: Thrombophlebitis Wonder Drugs: Antibiotic |
| Fragile X Syndrome | Xtra large ears, jaw, and testes |
| French legionnaire with his silver helmet, sitting around campfire with his iron dagger; he's not sissy | Legionella pneumophilia Silver stain Charcoal yeast extract (Iron & Cysteine) |
| Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies | FAB GUT Fructose is to Aldolase B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase |
| Gallstones (4 F's) | Fat Fertile Female over Forty |
| Glucogenic AA- His Valentine Met Arg Ketogenic AA- Key to Loosing is Lying | G- Histidine, Valine, Methionine, Arginine K- Leucine & Lysine |
| Gluconeogenesis Irreversible Enzymes: Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose | Pyruvate Carboxylase (M): Pyruvate -> Oxaloacetate PEP Carboxykinase (C): Oxaloacetate -> PEP Fructose-1,6-BPase (C; RLS): F-1,6-BP -> F6P Glucose-6-Phosphatase (ER): G6P -> Glucose |
| Glycogen Storage Diseases- Very Poor Carb Metabolism | von Gierke's (I)- Glycogen-6-phosphate Pompe's (II)- Lysosomal a-1,4- glucosidase (acid maltase) Cori's (III)- a-1,6-glucosidase (debranching enzyme) McArdle's (V)- Glycogen Phosphorylase |
| Golgi Transport- COPI goes back to get COPII | COPI- Retrograde COPII- Anterograde |
| Got SANDDy drugs for my epilepsy | Sedation Ataxia Nystagmus Diplopia Dizziness |
| Gq receptors | Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M QCs H1 A1 V1 M1 M3 Gq - Phospholipase C - PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+ -> DAG - Protein Kinase C |
| Gs and Gi receptors | Gi - MAD 2s M2 A2 D2 Gs - the rest B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Gs (+) --> Adenylyl Cyclase - Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP - Protein Kinase A |
| Gynecomastia causing drugs | Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers Spironolactone Dope (marijuana) Digoxin Estrogens Cimetidine Alcohol (chronic) Heroin Dopamine D2 antagonists Ketoconazole |
| Gynecomastia: Some Drugs Create Awesome Knockers | Spironolactone, Digitalis, Cimetidine, Alcohol, Ketoconazole |
| Hairy Cell Leukemia is TRAP + Trapped in red pulp Trapped in fibrosed BM & Can't enter lymph nodes | HCL: TRAP+, Splenomegaly, Dry Tap, & absent lymphadenopathy |
| Hamstring muscles | Boys To Men (lateral to medial) Biceps femoris semiTendinosus semiMembranosus |
| Hardy Weinberg and Maggie May Do Not Smoke | No: Mutation, Migration, Drift, Non-Random Mating, Selection of Locus |
| Hemolysis in G6PD Deficiency: hemolysis IS PAIN | Isoniazid, Sulfonamides, Primaquine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Nitrofurantoin (Dapsone) |
| HHAPPPPy Virus | Herpesvirus, Hepadnavirus, Adenovirus, Parvovirus (B19), Papillomavirus (HPV), Polyomavirus (JC), Poxvirus |
| High Anion gap Acidosis causes | MUDPILES Methanol Uremia - renal failure Diabetic ketoacidosis Propylene glycol Iron tablets/Isoniazid Lactic acid Ethylene glycol - anti freeze Salicylates - ASA |
| HIV NNRTI: NED is noncompetitive (& S/E) | -Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Declaviridine -Same as NRTI + Rash |
| HIV NRTI: ZDZ SLATEr is competitive (& S/E) | -Zidovudine: BM suppression, Megaloblastic Anemia & GI intolerance -Didanosine: Peripheral Neuropathy, Pancreatitis, Hepatic Steatosis -Zalcitabine: " -Stavudine: " -Lamivudine, Abacavir, Tenofovir, Emtricitabine -Most: Lactic acidosis (not abacavir) |
| Hormones that use cAMP signalling pathway Gs | FLAT ChAMP FSH LH ACTH TSH CRH hCG ADH - V2 MSH PTH |
| Hormones that use IP3 signalling pathway Gq | GOAT HAG GnRH Oxytocin ADH - V1 TRH Histamine - H1 Angiotensin II Gastrin |
| How is acromegaly diagnosed? | -Increase in GH 1-2hrs after 100g glucose load (normally d/t insulin) -IGF-1 is also elevated |
| Huntington Disease 6 Cs | Ch4, CAG, Low ACh/GABA, Caudate Nucleus atrophy, Chorea, Crazy |
| Hurler's Syndrome- HURLER | HSM Ugly gargoyle faces Recessive L-idouronidase (a) Eyes clouded Retardation Short stubby fingers |
| Hypothalamus (TALE) Limbic System (5 F's) | -Temp, Appetite, Libido, Emotions -Feeding, Fleeing, Fighting, Feeling, Sex |
| Hypothalamus nuclei lesions Lateral area Ventromedial area Anterior hypothalamus Posterior hypothalamus Suprachiasmatic | Lateral - hunger - If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally Ventromedial - satiety - if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially Anterior - cooling - A/C Posterior - heating Suprachiasmatic - circadian rythym - you need sleep to be charismatic |
| IL 1-5 functions | Hot T Bone stEAk IL 1 - fever IL 2 - T cell stimulator IL 3 - stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth IL 4 - IgE production - asthma, allergy IL 5 - IgA and eosinophil production - helminth infection |
| Influenza: Oh Shift vs Drift | -Genetic Shift (pandemic) due to reassortment (deadly) -Genetic Drift (epidemic) due to random mutation |
| Inhaled Anesthetics: MSHINE | Methoxyflurane Sevoflurane Halothane Isoflurane N2O Enflurane |
| Insulin independent glucose uptake sites | BRICK L Brain RBCs Intestine Cornea Kidney Liver |
| Kawasaki disease symptoms | CRASH and burn Conjunctival infection Rash - desquamating Adenopathy - cervical Strawberry tongue Hand and foot changes - edema fever |
| Killed vaccines | RIP Always Killed: Rabies Influenza (injected) salk Polio - SalK=Killed hep A virus |
| Lactose Fermenters - pink on MacConkey | CEEK Citrobacter Enterobacter Escherichia Klebsiella |
| Layers of Epidermis | Californians Like Girls in String Bikinis Stratum corneum " lucidum " granulosum " spinosum " basalis |
| Lead poisoning symptoms | LEAD Lead lines - burton lines Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia Drops - wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and eDta are treatment. Succimer used in kids |
| Lesch nyhan syndrome symptoms | HGPRT absence Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off - agitation, self mutilation Retardation dysTonia |
| Leukemia ages | 0-14: ALL 15-39: AML 40-59: AML (30% Blasts)/CML 60+: CLL |
| Live, attenuated vaccines | MR. VZ MAPSY Live: Measles Rubella Varicella Zoster Measles Adenovirus Polio (Sabin) Yellow fever |
| Lupus can cause what heart problem? | SLE causes LSE LSE - Libman-Sacks endocarditis |
| Macrolide uses | PUS Pneumonia - atypical URI STDs - chlamydia, gonorrhea |
| MAOi- TIPS | Tranylcypromine Isocarboxacid Phenelzine Selegiline (MAO-B) |
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease- I Love Vermont maple syrup from Branched trees | Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine (branched AA) |
| MARFAN | MVP, Aneurysm (Aortic/Berry), Retinal detachment/lens subluxation, Fibrillin, Arachnodactyly, Negative Nitroprusside test (diff. from homocystinuria) |
| MC Brain Tumors in Adults (MGM-Studios) & Kids (AMEy) | Adults: Mets, GM, Meningioma, Schwannoma Kids: Astrocytoma, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma |
| MC causes of DIC | STOP Making Thrombi Sepsis Trauma Obstetric complications acute Pancreatitis Malignancy Transfusion |
| Melanoma dx | ABCD Assymetry Border irregularity Color - dark Diameter - large |
| MEN1, MEN2A, MEN2B | PPP, MPP, MMP Parathyroid MEN1 Pituitary Pancreas Parathyroid MEN2A Pheochromocytoma Medullary Thyroid Cancer Pheochromocytoma MEN2B Medullary Thyroid Cancer Mucosal Neuroma |
| Menopause symptoms | HAVOCS Hot flashes Atophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances |
| Mesodermal defects | VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects - bone and muscle |
| Metabolic Syndrome (3/5) | Abdominal Obesity Triglycerides >150 HDL <40 (<50) Fasting Glucose >100 BP >135/85 |
| Metronidazole susceptible organisms | GET GAP on the Metro Giardia Entamoeba Trichomonas Gardnerella vaginalis Anaerobes (bacteroidies, c.diff) H.Pylori |
| Mets to Brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin Kidney GI tract |
| Mets to Liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
| Micro- No SPACE for Kats | Nocardia, Staph aureus/Serratia Marscencans, Pseudomonas capecia, Aspergillus/Actinomyces, Candida, E. coli, & Klebsiella |
| Micro- PUNCH K | Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Cryptococcus, H pylori, Klebsiella |
| Micro: Nagging Pests Must Breath O2 & Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air | -Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium (TB), Bacillus -Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces |
| mRNA stop codons | UGA - U Go Away UAA - U Are Away UAG - U Are Gone |
| My homie ty is fuming and is going to bust a cap in your bones | Deficiency in Homogentisic Acid Oxidase in pathway of Tyrosine to Fumurate. AR/Benign. -Dark CT, Brown sclera, urine darkens, debilitating arthlagias |
| Na+ channel blockers - Antiarrythmic classes | 1a Double Quarter Pounder Disopyramide, Quinidine, Procainamide 1b Mayo Lettuce Tomato Mexilitime, Lidocaine, Tocainamide 1c Fries Please Flecainide, Propafenone |
| Neimann Marcus is having a swinging sale, all neurons cut at half price. You buy a cherry-red foam* sofa for HSM | Neimann Pick Disease, Sphingomyelinase, Progressive Neurodegeneration, Cherry-Red spot on macula, Foam Cells, Hepatosplenomegaly |
| Nematodes EATSANd (roundworms) | (Ingested) Enterobius vermicularis Ascaris lumbricoides Trichinella spiralis (Cutaneous) Strongyloides stercoralis Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus |
| Nephrotoxicity/Ototoxicity: CLAV | Cisplatin, Loop Diuretics, Aminoglycosides, Vancomycin |
| Neural crest cell derivatives | MAGIC COPS Melanocytes Aorticopulmonary septum Ganglia - pns, drg, celiac, ans Iris stroma Chromaffin cells Cranial nerves Odontoblasts/ossicles Parafollicular (C) cells Sclerae |
| Neurofibromatosis 1 (CH17): CAFESPOT | Cafe-au-lait spots, Axillary/Inguinal freckles, Fibromas, Eye (Lisch nodules), Scoliosis, Pheochromocytoma, Optic gliomas |
| Non Lactose Fermenters - White on MacConkeys | ShYPS Shigella - nonmotile, non H2S producer Yersinia - " " Proteus - motile, H2S producer Salmonella- " " |
| Normal Anion Gap acidosis (hyperchloremic) | HARD ASS Hyperalimentation Addison disease Renal tubular acidosis Diarrhea Acetazolamide Spirinolactone Saline infusion |
| Nucleus Solitarius function Nucleus aMbiguous function | S - visceral Sensory info - taste, baroreceptors M - Motor innervation of swallowing - pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
| Obligate anaerobes | Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces *lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase |
| P450 inducers | Guiness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. Johns Wort Chronic Alcoholism |
| P450 inhibitors | CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir (protease inhibitors) Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides |
| P-450 Inducers: BCG PQRST | Barbiturates Carbamezapine/Chronic Alcohol Griseofulvin Phenytoin Quinidine Rifampin St. John's Wort |
| P-450 Inhibitors: ICA KEGS | Isoniazid Cimetidine Alcohol (acute) Ketoconazole Erythromycin Grapefruit Juice/Gemfibrozil Sulfonamides |
| Pader-Willi Syndrome- MOHHH the fatty | Mental Retardation, Obesity, Hyperphagia, Hypotonia, Hypogonadism |
| Painful vs painless ulcers | Some Girls Love Licorice but Fellows Hate Candy Syphilis Granuloma Inguinale Lymphogranuloma venereum painLess (above) painFul (below) Herpes simplex Chancroid |
| Papez Circuit: MATCH | Mammillary Bodies Anterior Thalamic Nucleus Cingulate Gyrus Hippocampus |
| PaRaMyxovirus | Parainfluenza (Croup) RSV (Bronchiolotis) Rubeola (Measles) Mumps |
| Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol) | Hot as a Hare - hyperpyrexia Red as a Beet - flushing Blind as a Bat - mydriasis, cycloplegia Dry as a Bone - lack of salivation/sweating Mad as a Hatter - confusion/delerium Bloated as a Toad - constipation and urinary retention +Tachycardia |
| Parasympathetic: DUMBELSS | Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bradycardia/Bronchospasm Emesis Lacrimation Salivation/Sweating |
| Parkinsons drugs | BALSA Bromocriptine Amantidine Levodopa/Carvidopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics - Benztropine |
| Pathway of sperm during ejaculation | StEVE Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
| PEA drugs have zero-order elimination | Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
| Pellagra symptoms | 4 D's Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death |
| Pemphigus vulgaris signs | DAMN is a vulgar word Desmosomes Acantholysis Mouth Nikolskys sign - skin slides off when rubbed |
| Pentad of sx of TTP (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | FAT RN Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Failure Neurological symptoms |
| Phenytoin Side Effects | P-450 activation Hirsutism Enlarged gums Neuropathy (peripheral) Yellow-browining of skin Teratogen (fetal hydantoin syndrome) Osteomalacia Interferes B12 metabolism Nystagmus |
| Photosensitivity - Drug SE | SAT for Photo Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracycline (+fluoroquinolones) |
| Pica lesion symptoms | Dont pick a horse that cant eat Pick a - pica Horse - hoarseness Cant eat - dysphagia |
| Picornavirus- PERCH | PolioV, EchoV, RhinoV, CoxsackieV, HAV) |
| Plummer Vinson syndrome triad | Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs Atrophic glossitis |
| Position of structures passing through diaphragm | I ate ten eggs at 12 T8 - IVC T10 - Esophagus, vagus n. T12 - Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct |
| Positive Strand RNA: Pico Called Flavio To Return Renzo's Corona | Picorna Calici Flavi Toga Retro Reo Corona |
| Possible Types of Emboli | FAT BAT Fat Amniotic Fluid Thrombus Bacterial (endocarditis) Air Tumor |
| Potassum sparing diuretics | "Potassium, please have a SEAT" Spirinolactone aldosterone antagonist Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist Amiloride Na+ channel blocker Triamterene Na+ channel blocker |
| Potter Sequence | POTTER Pulmonary hypoplasia Oligohydramnios Twisted skin Twisted face Extremities Renal agenesis |
| Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome | MAMA Maternal gene deletion Angelman Mood - inappropriate laughter Ataxia POP Prader Willi Overeating and obesity Paternal gene deletion |
| Primary hyperparathyroidism symptoms | Stones, Bones, Abdominal groans, Thrones, and Psychiatric overtones Stones - renal and biliary Bones - bone pain Abdominal groans - abdominal pain, N/V Thrones - polyuria Pyschiatric overtones - depression, anxiety |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors(30S vs 50S) | "buy AT 30, CCELL at 50" 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
| PSaMMoma | Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid/RCC/Prolactinoma Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary/endometrium Meningioma Mesothelioma |
| PSEUDOmonas | Pneumonia (cystic fibrosis) Sepsis (black lesion on skin) External otitis (swimmer's ear) UTI (catheter) Druggie/Diabetics- Osteomyelitis Hot Tub Folliculitis |
| Pulmonary Fibrosis: GO BAN ME What do pneumocytes release that causes fibrosis? | Gold, Bleomycin/Busulfan, Amiodarone/Acyclovir/Azathioprine, Nitrofurantoin, Melphalan/MTX (TFG-B) |
| Pupil dilation | COwLA Cocaine Opiate withdrawal LSD Amphetamines |
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors | TLC For Nancy Thiamine - B1 Lipoic acid CoA FAD NAD |
| R's of Rifampin | RNA polymerase inhibition Revs up CYP450 Red/Orange urine & secretions Resistance increased if used alone |
| R's of Rifampin | 4 R's RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up microsomal P450 Red-orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
| Radial nerve innervates the BEST muscles | Brachioradialis Extensors of wrist/fingers Supinator Triceps |
| Relation of pulm artery to bronchus at each hilus | RALS Right Anterior Left Superior |
| Renal clearance equation | UV over Pee UV/P U = urine concentration of substance V = urine flow rate P = plasma concentration |
| Renal papillary necrosis | SAAD papa with papillary necrosis Sickle cell disease or trait Acute pyelonephritis Analgesics - NSAIDs Diabetes |
| Renal Tubular Defects | Fanconi comes First, rest are alphabetical Fanconi syndrome - defect of PCT - excretion of glucose, AAs, electrolytes, etc Bartter syndrome - defect in thick ascending loop of henle - presents like loop diuretic - hypokalemia, hypercalciuria, metabolic alkalosis Gitelman syndrome - defect of NaCl reab in DCT - presents like thiazide diuretic - hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalciuria, metabolic alkalosis Liddle syndrome - inc Na reab in cllecting tubule - presents like hyperaldosteronism - HTN, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis |
| Reportable diseases | STDs Viral hepatitis Vaccine-preventable infections Diarrheal illnesses Tuberculosis |
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Types/causes | LEASH Loffler Endocardial fibroelastosis Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Hemochromatosis |
| Retroperitoneal Structures | A DUCK PEAR Adrenal glands Duodeum Ureters Colon Kidneys Pancreas Esophagus Aorta Rectum |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease major criteria | JONES Joints - migratory polyarthritis Heart - pancarditis Nodules - subcutaneous Erythema Marginatum Sydenham Chorea - face, tongue, upper limb |
| Riboflavin (B2, 2ATP, 2C's) Niacin (B3, 3ATP, 3D's for Pellagra) | R- Cheilosis & Corneal vascularization N- Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia |
| Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) on Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve | Inc BAT ACE BPG (2,3-BPG) Altitude Temperature Acid CO2 Exercise |
| Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma | HHONDA Hyperplasia HTN Obesity Nulliparity Diabetes Anovulatory state |
| Rotator Cuff muscles | SItS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor Subscapularis |
| Rule of tens of Pheochromocytoma | Rule of tens: 10% malignant 10% bilateral 10% extra adrenal 10% calcify 10% in children |
| Sarcoidosis symptoms | A GRaUELING Disease inc ACE Gammaglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Uveitis - eye Erythema nodosum - skin nodules Lymphadenopathy - hilar is common Idiopathic Non-caseating Granulomas inc vitamin D also inc Ca2+ |
| Scleroderma/CREST syndrome | CREST Calcinosis Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
| SE of corticosteroids | BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis, agitation) Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma and cataracts Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
| Serotonin Syndrome | MADAMS TIPS Mental status changes Agitation Diarrhea Ataxia Myoclonus Shivering Tremor Inc reflex Pyrexia Sweating |
| Serotonin Syndrome may cause HARM | Hyperthermia Autonomic instability Rigidity Myoclonus (antidote: cyproheptadine- 5HT2 antagonist) |
| Shifts K out of cell - causing hyperkalemia | DO LAbS on person with hyperkalemia Digitalis hyperOsmolarity Lysis of cells Acidosis b blocker high blood Sugar - insulin deficiency |
| Sjogrens syndrome symptoms | Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit Cant see - dry eyes Cant spit - xerostomia - dry mouth Cant climb up shit - arthritis |
| SSRI's: Effective For Sadness, Panic, & Compulsions | Escitalopram, Fluoxetine/Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Paroxetine, & Citalopram |
| Stages of Sleep | BATS Drink Blood Beta - awake/alert Alpha - awake/relaxed Theta - stage 1 Sleep Spindles and K complexes - stage 2 Delta - stage 3 Beta - REM |
| Standard test for diagnosing Chronic Adrenal Insufficiency | Cosyntropin test |
| Strep pneumo - #1 cause of MOPS | MOPS Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis |
| Sulfa pills - allergies | Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide Celecoxib Thiazides/TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas |
| Sx of Kwashiorkor (distinguishing it from marasmus) | FLAME Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition of protein and energy Edema |
| Symptoms of hypercalcemia | Stones - renal Bones - pain Groans - abdominal pain Thrones - inc urinary frequency Psychiatric overtones - anxiety, altered mental status |
| Symptoms of parkinsons | TRAPS Tremor - pill rolling at rest Rigidity - ccogwheel Akinesia - bradykinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait |
| T3 functions | 4 Bs Brain maturation Bone growth Beta adrenergic effects - B1 in heart BMR inc |
| T-ALL, Teenagers, Thymic Mass | T-ALL common in teenagers as a mediastinal (thymic) mass |
| Taysach's Disease- TAYSACHS | Testing Recommended Amaurosis Fugax/Cherry-red spot on macula Young death (<4) Slow development delays Ashkenazi Jews CNS Degeneration Hexosaminidase A Storage of GM2 ganglioside in lysosomes with onion skinning (and no HSM) |
| TB treatment | RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
| TCA's: AACIDD-N | Amoxapine Amitriptyline Clomipramine Imipramine Desipramine Doxepin Nortriptyline |
| Teratogens | Clarithromycin - embryotoxic Sulfonamides - kernicterus Aminoglycosides - ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones - cartilage damage Metronidazole - mutagenesis Tetracyclines - discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth Ribavirin Griseofulvin |
| Tetracyclines VACUUM the BedRoom but Stones stop it | Vibrio cholera, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma, Tularemia, Mycoplasma pneumonia, H. pylori, Borrelia burgdorferi, Rickettsia (milk, antacids, & iron ingestion prevent absorption) |
| Therapeutic Index- TILE | TI=LD50/ED50 |
| TORCHeS infections | -TOxoplasmosis: Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracranial calcifications -Rubella: PDA, Cataracts, Deafness (+blueberry muffin rash) -CMV: Unilateral deafness, seizures, petechial rash -HSV: Temporal encephalitis, vesicular lesions -HIV: recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea (zidovudine for mom) -Syphilis |
| TORCHeS infections with assoc syptoms | TORCHeS symptoms of all: baby = jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation mother = only mild symptoms Toxoplasma - toxo (3) chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications Other - parvovirus B19 - hydrops fetalis in utero Rubella - PDa, cataracts, deafness, blueberry muffin rash CMV - unilateral hearing loss, seizure and toxo (3) HIV HSV - temporal lobe encephalitis and vesicular lesions Syphilis |
| Treatment for Acute CHF/Pulm Edema | NO LIP Nitrates Oxygen Loop diuretic Inotropic drugs Positioning - upright to pool blood in legs, not lungs |
| Treatment for Chest Pain/MI | MONA Morphine Oxygen Nitroglycerin Aspirin |
| Treatment for hypoglycemia | Diazoxide |
| Trinucleotide Repeats: CAG, CTG, CGG, GAA | Huntington's Disease MyoTonic Dystrophy FraGile X Syndrome Friedreich's Ataxia |
| Tuberous sclerosis symptoms | HAMARTOMAS Hamartomas Angiofibromas Mitral regurgitation Ash leaf spots Rhabdomyoma (cardiac) T[uberous sclerosis] autosomal dOminant Mental retardation Angiomyolipoma Seizures, shagreen patches |
| Tuberous Sclerosis: TUBEROUS | TUberocalcification in the perivent & astrocytomas Blood in urine (Renal cysts & angiomyolipomas) Eye (retinal hamartomas) Rhabdomyosarcoma/Retardation Off-white skin (Ash Leaf Spots) sUb-Ungual fibromas Shagreen Patches & Sebaceous Adenomas |
| Tx of testicular cancer | Eradicate Ball Cancer Etoposide Bleomycin Cisplatin |
| Tx of urge incontinence | On The Darn Toilet Oxybutinyn Tolterodine Darifenacin/Solfenacin Trospium |
| Urea Cycle: Coffee And Alcohol For Aggressive Urine Overload | Citrulline, Aspartate, Arginosuccinate, Fumurate, Arginine, Urea, & Ornithine |
| Vancomycin is bad to G+, but NOT good for our histamine | Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis Red Man Syndrome (Histamine; give antihistamines) |
| Vancomycin toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Thrombophlebitis |
| Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy | Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine Methyldopa Labetalol (and other B Blockers) Nifedipine (and other CCBs) |
| Viruses a/w DM 1 | Rubella, Coxsackie, Mumps |
| von Hippel Landau (CH3): HIPPEL | Hemangioma (retina, cerebellum, & medulla) Increased RCC (bilaterally) Pheochromocytoma Pancreatic serous cystadenoma Eye dysfunction Liver, Pancreas, & Kidney Cysts |
| WAGR complex associated with Wilms tumor | WAGR Wilms tumor Aniridia GU malformation Retardation |
| Wallenberg's Horny ADVICe | Horner's Syndrome (Descending Symp. Tract) Ataxia (ICP) Dysphagia (Nucleus Ambiguus) Vertigo, Nystagmus, N/V (Vestibular Nuclei) Ipsilateral pain/temp loss of face (TTT) Contralateral pain/temp loss of body (STT) |
| Which ligament [generally] always tears in a lateral ankle sprain? | ATFL Always Tears First Ligament Anterior TaloFibular Ligament |
| Which toxins are carried on specialized lysogenic phages (transduction)? (ABCDE) | shigA-like toxin Botulinum Toxin Cholera Toxin Diphtheria Toxin Erythrogenic Toxin (S pyogenes) |
| Wilms tumor - WAGR complex | WAGR Wilms tumor Aniridia GU malformations mental Retardation WT1 gene deletion |
| Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia and purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections |
| Wrinkly old Gaucher sitting in a wheel chair & eating sweet brain candy* + has HSM | Gaucher's Disease, wrinkly looking G cells, aseptic necrosis of femur/bone crisis, B-glucocerebrosidase |
| X linked disorders | Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich G6PD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia A and B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| X Linked Immunodeficiencies | WACH Wiskott aldrich bruton Agammaglobulinemia Chronic granulomatous disease Hyper IgM syndrome |
| X-linked recessive disorders- Be Wise, Fool's GOLD Heeds, Silly Hopes | Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, Fabry's Disease, G6PD Deficiency, Ocular Albinism, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Duchenne (&Becker's) Muscular Dystrophy, Hunter's Syndrome, Hemophilia A/B |
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