The Best Medical Mnemonics section provides 100s of High Yield Medical Mnemonics for all four years of USMLE, COMLEX, Medical School, and Residency. Prepare and Learn Ahead! Educating and providing resources to students interested in the medical field.
Please Donate so we can continue building this Website for FREE!
Table Of Contents
Best Medical Mnemonics
Anatomy
| Femoral sheath structures | NAVEL (lateral to medial) Nerve Artery Vein Empty Space Lymphatics |
| Heart Valve Auscultation Sites | All Patients Take Medications Starting from top left: Aortic – 2nd intercostal space, right sternal edge Pulmonary – 2nd intercostal space, left sternal edge Tricuspid – 4th intercostal space, right sternal edge Mitral – 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line |
| Position of structures passing through the diaphragm | I ate ten eggs at 12 T8 – IVC T10 – Esophagus, vagus n. T12 – Aorta, azygous vein, Thoracic duct |
Biochemistry
| Amino acid cotransporter in kidney | COLA Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine |
| Branched amino acids in maple syrup disease | I Love Vermont maple syrup Isoleucine Leucine Valine |
| Fructose intolerance and galactosemia enzyme deficiencies | FAB GUT Fructose is to Aldolase B as Galactose is to UridylTransferase |
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors | TLC For Nancy Thiamine – B1 Lipoic acid CoA FAD NAD |
Biostats and Ethics
| Malpractice Claim 4 Elements | Duty Breach of that duty Harm Damage |
Blood Pressure
| Hypertension Treatment | ABCD A – ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin-II-antagonists (sometimes Alpha-agonists also) B – Beta-blockers C – Calcium channel blockers D – Diuretics (Thiazides) |
| Hydrochlorothiazide Side Effects | “HyperGLUC” -hyperGlycemia -hyperLipidemia -hyperUricemia -hyperCalcemia *Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia |
| Vasodilators safe in Pregnancy | Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine Hydralazine Methyldopa Labetalol (and other B Blockers) Nifedipine (and other CCBs) |
Cardiology
Dermatology
Drug-Induced
| Drug-Induced Lupus | SHIPP Sulfonamides Hydralazine Isoniazid Procainamide Phenytoin |
| Pellagra symptoms | 4 D’s Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death |
| Photosensitivity – Drug SE | SAT for Fhoto Sulfonamides Amiodarone Tetracycline (+Fluoroquinolones) |
Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
| Abdominal Distension Causes | 6 Fʼs F Fat F Fetus F Flatus F Faeces F Fluid F Flipping great tumor |
| Acute Pancreatitis Causes | BAD HHITS Biliary stones Alcohol abuse Drugs – HIV drugs, ritonavir, sulfa drugs Hypertriglyceridemia Hypercalcemia Idiopathic Trauma Scorpion sting |
| Chronic Liver Disease Presentation | ABCDEFGHIJ A – Asterixis (ʻliver flapʼ)/Ascites/Ankle oedema/Atrophy of testicles B – Bruising/BP. C – Clubbing/Colour change of nails; white (leuconychia) D – Dupuytrenʼs contracture E – Erythema (palmar)/Encephalopathy F – hepatic Foetor G – Gynaecomastia H – Hepato splenomegaly I – Increase in size of parotids J – Jaundice |
| Crohn’s Disease | a CROw SKIPS along a COBBLESTONE path while pulling a GRAin on A STRING – CROw = Crohn’s disease – SKIPS = skip lesions – Cobblestone = cobblestoning – GRAin = granulomas – STRING = string sign CHRIS Has Too Much Diarrhoea and Abdominal pain C – Cobblestone appearance of mucosa H – High temperature R – Reduced lumen/Rose-thorn ulcers I – Intestinal fistulae/Ileo-caecal region commonly involved (40% of cases) S – Skip lesions H – Hyperplasia of mesenteric lymph nodes T – Transmural inflammation (all layers, may ulcerate) M – Malabsorption D – Diarrhoea (watery) A – Abdominal pain |
| Gallstones 4F’s | Fat Fertile Female over Forty |
| Ulcerative Colitis | ULCERS IN Abdomen U – Ulcers (mucosal and submucosal) L – Large intestine (rectum always involved. May extend proximally to involve entire colon) C – Clubbing E – Extra-intestinal manifestations R – Remnants of old ulcers (pseudopolyps) S – Stools bloody I – Inflamed, red, granular mucosa and sub mucosa N – Neutrophil invasion A – Abscesses in crypts |
| Ulcerative Colitis Complications | How To Perform GI Colonoscopy H – Haemorrhage T – Toxic megacolon P – Perforation G – Gallstones C – Colorectal carcinoma (in those with extensive disease for > 10 years) |
| Plummer Vinson syndrome triad | DIE Dysphagia Iron deficiency anemia Esophageal webs |
| Retroperitoneal Structures | A DUCK PEAR Adrenal glands Duodenum Ureters Colon Kidneys Pancreas Esophagus Aorta Rectum |
| Signet ring cells diseases | Gastric Adenocarcinoma Lobular Carcinoma In Situ |
Genetics
| Autosomal dominant disorders | MARFAHN Marfan, MEN Acute intermittent porphyria Retinoblastoma Familial hypercholesterolemia, FAP ADPKD Huntington’s, Hereditary spherocytosis NF type 1 |
| Lesch Nyhan syndrome symptoms | HGPRT absence Hyperuricemia Gout Pissed off – agitation, self-mutilation Retardation dysTonia |
| mRNA stop codons | UGA – U Go Away UAA – U Are Away UAG – U Are Gone |
| Prader Willi vs Angelman Syndrome | POP Prader Willi Overeating and obesity Paternal gene deletion MAMA Maternal gene deletion Angelman Mood – inappropriate laughter Ataxia |
| X linked disorders | Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x Linked Disorders Ocular albinism Fabry disease Wiskott-Aldrich G6PD deficiency Hunter syndrome Bruton agammaglobulinemia Hemophilia A and B Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
Hematology
Immunology
| DiGeorge syndrome | CATCH 22 Cardiac abnormalities – tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus Abnormal facies Thymic hypoplasia Cellular immune deficiency, Cleft palate Hypoparathyroid with hypocalcemia – tetany 22q11 gene deletion |
| Eosinophilia Causes | DNAAACP Drugs Neoplasm Atopic dieseases (allergy, asthma, churg-strauss) Addison disease Acute interstitial nephritis Collagen vascular disease Parasites (Ascaris) |
| HLA B27 Diseases (Seronegative spondyloarthropathies) | PAIR Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD Reactive arthritis – Reiter syndrome |
| IL 1-5 functions | Hot T Bone stEAk IL 1 – fever IL 2 – T cell stimulator IL 3 – stimulates bone marrow stem cell growth IL 4 – IgE production – asthma, allergy IL 5 – IgA and eosinophil production – helminth infection |
| Lupus can cause what heart problem | SLE causes LSE LSE – Libman-Sacks endocarditis |
| T3 functions | 4 Bs Brain maturation Bone growth Beta-adrenergic effects – B1 in heart BMR inc |
| Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | WAITER Wiskott Aldrich Immunodeficiency Thrombocytopenia and purpura Eczema Recurrent pyogenic infections |
| X Linked Immunodeficiencies | WACH Wiskott Aldrich Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Chronic granulomatous disease Hyper IgM syndrome |
Infectious Diseases
Muskuloskeletal
| Hamstring muscles | Boys To Men (lateral to medial) Biceps femoris semiTendinosus semiMembranosus |
| Lateral ankle sprain | ATFL Always Tears First Ligament Anterior TaloFibular Ligament |
| Rotator Cuff muscles | SItS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus teres minor Subscapularis |
Nephrology
Neurology
| AICA lesion symptoms | Facial droop means aica’s pooped Facial droop |
| Antiparkinson Drugs | SALAD: S – Selegiline A – Anticholinenergics (trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol, orphenadrine) L – L-Dopa + peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (carbidopa, benserazide) A – Amantadine D – Dopamine postsynaptic receptor agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride, pergolide, pramipexole) Benztropine (Cogentin) Stimulates parasympathetic nervous system. Nausea, Diarrhea. |
| Branches of the facial nerve | To Zanzibar By Motorcar T – Temporal nerve Z – Zygomatic nerve B – Buccal nerve M – Marginal mandibular nerve C – Cervical nerve |
| Cranial Bones | PEST OF 6 P – Parietal E – Ethmoidal S – Sphenoid T – Temporal O – Occipital F – Frontal 6 – This indicates the number of bones |
| Cranial nerves in the brainstem | Rule of 4s: 4 above the pons – 1-4 4 in the pons – 5-8 4 in the medulla – 9-12 4 medial/midline nuclei – 3,4,6,12 – factors of 12 |
| Delirium Causes | I WATCH DEATH Infection Withdrawal Acute metabolic/Substance Abuse Trauma CNS pathology Hypoxia Deficiencies Endocrine Acute vascular/MI Toxins/drugs Heavy metals |
| Hypothalamus nuclei lesions | Lateral – hunger – If you zap your lateral area, you shrink laterally Ventromedial – satiety – if you zap your ventromedial area, you will grow ventrally and medially Anterior – cooling – A/C Posterior – heating Suprachiasmatic – circadian rhythm – you need sleep to be charismatic |
| Lateral (Side) structures (4) that start with “S” and associated deficits | Spinocerebellar pathway – ipsilateral arm and leg ataxia Spinothalamic pathway – contralateral loss of pain and temp in arm, leg, and trunk Sensory nucleus of CN V – ipsilateral loss of pain and temp on part of face supplied by CN V Sympathetic pathway – ipsilateral horner syndrome |
| Limbic System 5 Fs | 5 Fs Feeding Fleeing Fighting Feeling Sex – F***ing |
| Midline structures(4) that start with “M” and associated deficits | Motor pathway – corticospinal tract – contralateral arm and leg weakness Medial lemniscus – contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in arm and leg MLF – ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia Motor nucleus and nerve – ipsilateral defect of affected – 3,4,6,12 |
| Migraine | EAT FUN E – Episodic A – Aura – zigzag lines T – Throbbing headache F – Family history/F(p)hoto-phobia U – Unilateral N – Nausea and vomiting |
| Multiple Sclerosis Charcot Triad | SIIIN Scanning speech Intention tremor Incontinence Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus |
| Nucleus Solitarius function Nucleus aMbiguous function | S – visceral Sensory info – taste, baroreceptors M – Motor innervation of swallowing – pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus |
| Neural crest cell derivatives | MAGIC COPS Melanocytes Aorticopulmonary septum Ganglia – pns, drg, celiac, ans Iris stroma Chromaffin cells Cranial nerves Odontoblasts/ossicles Parafollicular (C) cells Sclerae |
| Parkinson’s Sx | TRAPS Tremor – pill-rolling at rest Rigidity – cogwheel Akinesia – bradykinesia Postural instability Shuffling gait |
| Pica lesion symptoms | Don’t pick a horse that cant eat Pick a – pica Horse – hoarseness Cant eat – dysphagia |
| Stroke – investigations | 4 Ps P – Plasma: FBC, U&E, ESR, glucose, lipids P – Pump, i.e heart (ECG, echocardiogram) P – Pipes: carotid Doppler ultrasound P – Picture of brain: CT/MRI; detects ischaemia or haemorrhages |
| Stroke – management | ABCDEFGHI A – Advice – lifestyle changes e.g. stop smoking, reduce alcohol intake, lose weight B – BP control C – Cholesterol control D – Diabetes control E – Elastic stockings (prophylaxis for DVT, PE) F – Fibrillation (anticoagulant, rate control and cardiovert as required) G – Guardian drugs (aspirin, ACE inhibitors, etc) H – Help from occupational therapy (OT), speech and language therapy (SALT) and specialist stroke nurse I – Incontinence care and limit Immobility (pressure sores and contractures may develop otherwise) |
Nutrition
| Kwashiorkor Sx | FLAME Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition of protein and energy Edema |
OBGYN
| Cervical Cancer Increased Risk | MILD H M = Multiple pregnancy (i.e. multiparity) I = Infection (e.g. HPV, HIV, chlamydia) L = Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, multiple partners, early age at coitus, pregnancy prior to age 17) D = Drugs (e.g. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure) H = History (e.g. family history of cervical cancer) |
| Endometrial Carcinoma Risk Factors | HHONDA Hyperplasia HTN Obesity Nulliparity Diabetes Anovulatory state |
| Labor – onset | Ready Mom for Some Discomfort R – Regular and painful uterine contractions M – Membranes ruptured S – ʻShowʼ D – Dilatation and effacement of cervix |
| Labor – determine rate and outcome | 3 Pʼs P – Powers: strength of the uterine contractions P – Passages: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet P – Passengers: fetus – is it big or small, does it have anomalies, is it alive or dead? |
| Menopause symptoms | HAVOCS Hot flashes Atrophy of the Vagina Osteoporosis Coronary artery disease Sleep disturbances |
| Quad Screening for Trisomy 21 and 18 | Trisomy 21 = “2 up, 2 down” – increased Inhibin-A – increased beta-hCg – decreased AFP – decreased estriol Trisomy 18 = “still UNDERage at 18” – decreased AFP, estriol, beta-hCG, and inhibin A |
| Teratogens | Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxicity Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis Tetracyclines – discolored teeth, inhibition of bone growth Ribavirin Griseofulvin |
Oncology
| Bone Tumor Xray findings | osteoCHondroma -CHunk of bone osteoCLastoma -clean, soap bubble appearance osteoSarComa -Sunburst pattern, Codman’s triangle Ewing sarcoma -onion rings, onion skinning |
| Burkitt lymphoma gene translation | 8urki14 (Burkitt) |
| Cancers with Psammoma Bodies | PSaMMoma Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary Meningioma Mesothelioma |
| EPO producing tumors | Potentially Really High Hematocrit Pheochromocytoma RCC HCC Hemangioblastoma |
| Mets to Bone | Permanently Relocated Tumors Like Bone Prostate RCC Testes/Thyroid Lung Breast |
| Mets to Brain | Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia Lung Breast Skin (melanoma) Kidney (RCC) GI tract (colon cancer) |
| Mets to Liver | Cancer Sometimes Penetrates Benign Liver Colon Stomach Pancreas Breast Lung |
| Tumor Lysis Syndrome | PiKachU 45678 = 2 out of 4 for diagnosis of tumor lysis syndrome – Phosphorus >4.5 – K >= 6.0 – Ca <= 7.0 – Uric acid >= 8.0 |
Orthopedics
| Olecranon bursitis (and other aseptic bursitis) Treatment | C PRIME C = Compression (typically with elastic dressings) P = Protection of joint (with padding or braces) R = Rest (avoid pain exacerbating movements) I = Ice M = Medication (NSAIDs and tylenol) E = Elevation (above heart level) *NOTE: injection (i.e. steroids) NOT recommended |
Pediatrics
| APGAR score | Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration |
| Branchial arch derivatives | 1 – Ms and Ts 2 – Ss 3 – pharyngeal 4 – cricothyroid 6 – larynx Or Chew, smile, swallow stylishly, then simply swallow, and speak |
| Kawasaki disease symptoms | CRASH and burn Conjunctival infection Rash – desquamating Adenopathy – cervical Strawberry tongue Hand and foot changes – edema fever |
| Mesodermal defects | VACTERL Vertebral defects Anal atresia Cardiac defects Tracheo Esophageal fistula Renal defects Limb defects – bone and muscle |
Psychiatry
| Antipsychotics | The Pines, Zines, & Dones were crazy. ClozaPINE OlanzaPINE QuetiaPINE ProchlorperaZINE FluphenaZINE TrifluoperaZINE ChlorpromaZINE RisperiDONE ZiprasiDONE iSHADE i – impotence S- sedation H – hypotension A – Akathisia D – Dermatological SEs E – Extrapyramidal reactions (acute dystonias, rigidity, tremor, tachycardia) |
| Benzodiazepines | Ben SCAMs Pam into seduction not by brain but by muscle Medications end mostly in PAM. (Except: Poxide/Pate) S – Sedation C – anti-“C”onvulsant A – anti-Anxiety M – Muscle relaxant Not by brain: No antipsychotic activity. Benzodiazepines: antidote “Ben is off with the flu”: Flumazenil The nonbenzo got on the bus and left the group. BUSpirone Enhances Inhibitory GABA Effects |
| Lithium | Lithium: side effects LITH Therapeutic Range ( 0.6 – 1.2) L – Leukocytosis ( Less than 3000) I – Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria] T – Tremor/ Teratogenesis H – Hypothyroidism |
| Major Depressive Disorder Criteria | SIGDECAPS Sleep Interest Guilt Depression Energy Concentration Appetite Psychomotor Suicide – thoughts of death |
| Manic or Hypomanic episode Criteria | DIG FAST 1 week or more = Manic 4-7 days = hypomanic Distractibility Impulsivity Grandiosity Flight of ideas Activities/psychomotor agitation Sleep – reduced need Talkativeness |
| MAOIs | HAHA, Ma owes “Phenel” & “Isocar” a “Tranny” (PIT – Pit of despair) “P”henelizine “I”socarboxazid “T”ranylcypromine H – Hypertension/Hypertensive Crisis A – Anticholinergic Side Effects H – Hepatocellular Jaundice A – Arrhythmia/Anorexia |
| Serotonin Syndrome | They were HARMED H – Hyperthermia A – Autonomic Instability (Delirium) R – Rigidity M – Myoclonis (spasmodic jerky contraction of groups of muscles.) E – Encephalopathy D -Diaphoresis |
| SSRI’s | Ser Ox Pram BAD SSRI SERtraline ParOXetine FLUOXamine FLUOXetine CitaloPRAM EscitaloPRAM B – Body weight increase A – Anxiety D – Dizziness S – Serotonin Syndrome S – Stimulated CNS R – Reproductive/Sexual dysfunction I – Insomnia |
| TCA’s | Mean (mine) & depressed They Cried Antidepressants (TCAs). ImipraMINE desipraMINE TrimipraMINE PratriptylINE AmitriptylINE ClomipraMINE T – Thrombocytopenia C – Cardiac (Arrhythmia, MI, Stroke) A – Anticholinergic (Tachycardia, Urinary Retention Blurred vision, Constipation/Confusion) S – Seizures |
| Valproic Acid Side Effects | side effects VALPROATE: V – Vomiting A – Alopecia L – Liver toxicity P – Pancreatitis/ Pancytopenia R – Retention of fats (weight gain) O – Oedema (peripheral edema) A – Appetite increase T – Tremor E – Enzyme inducer (liver) (Anticonvulsant) called Depakote Carbamazepine – Tegretol |
Pulmonology
| ARDS Causes | SPARTAS Sepsis Pancreatitis, pneumonia Aspiration uRemia Trauma Amniotic fluid embolism Shock |
| Oxygen-Hemoglobin dissociation curve – Right shift (decreased affinity for O2) | Inc BAT ACE BPG (2,3-BPG) Altitude Temperature Acid CO2 Exercise |
| Relation of Pulmonary Artery to Bronchus at each hilus | RALS Right Anterior Left Superior |
| Tuberculosis Treatment | RIPE Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
Rheumatology
| Sarcoidosis symptoms | A GRaUELING Disease inc ACE Gammaglobulinemia Rheumatoid arthritis Uveitis – eye Erythema nodosum – skin nodules Lymphadenopathy – hilar is common Idiopathic Non-caseating Granulomas inc vitamin D also inc Ca2+ |
| Scleroderma/CREST syndrome | CREST Calcinosis Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysmotility Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
| Sjogrens syndrome symptoms | Cant see, cant spit, cant climb up shit Cant see – dry eyes Cant spit – xerostomia – dry mouth Cant climb up shit – arthritis |
Substance Abuse
| Alcohol/Drug screening in children | CRAFFT – Car = have you ridden in a CAR driven by someone who was intoxicated or high? – Relax = do you use alcohol or other substances to RELAX or fit in? – Alone = do you use drugs or alcohol while ALONE? – Forget = do you ever FORGET what you did while using drugs or alcohol? – Friends = do your FRIENDS or family ever recommend that you cut down on drugs or alcohol use? – Trouble = have you ever been in TROUBLE while using drugs or alcohol? *NOTE: each question is 1 point and anything >1 is concerning for possible substance dependence |
| Alcohol Use Assessment | CAGE Cut back Annoyance Guilt Eye opener |
| Alcohol – Korsakoff Psychosis | RACK R = Retrograde amnesia A = Anterograde amnesia C = Confabulations K = Korsakoff psychosis |
| Aspirin Overdose Presentation | DAFT HID (early symptoms) D – Deafness A – Appear flushed F – Fever T – Tinnitus H – Hyperventilation I – Increased sweating D – Dizziness |
| OPIOIDs Side Effects | Opioids: effects BAD AMERICANS B – Bradycardia & hypotension A – Anorexia D – Diminished pupillary size A – Analgesics M – Miosis E – Euphoria R – Respiratory depression I – Increased smooth muscle activity (biliary tract constriction) C – Constipation A – Ameliorate cough reflex N – Nausea and vomiting S – Sedation |
| Paracetamol Overdose | COMAH C – Chronic alcohol abusers O – On drugs that increase cytochrome P450 activity, anti-TB drugs M – Malnourished individuals A – Anorexic patients H – HIV patients |
| Pupil dilation | COwLA Cocaine Opiate withdrawal LSD Amphetamines |
| Wernicke Encephalopathy | COAT C = Confusion O = Ophthalmoplegia A = Ataxic gait T = Thiamine deficiency |
Toxicology
| Lead poisoning symptoms | LEADS Lead lines – burton lines Encephalopathy and erythrocyte basophilic stippling Abdominal colic and sideroblastic Anemia Drops – wrist and foot. Dimercaprol and EDTA are treatment. Succimer used in kids |
Vascular
| Classic pathway activation | GM makes Classic cars IgG and IgM bound to antigen binds C1 and activates the classical pathway of complement |
| DIC causes | STOP Making Thrombi Sepsis Trauma Obstetric complications acute Pancreatitis Malignancy Transfusion |
| Factors affected by a Vit K deficiency | diSCo started in 1972 Proteins S and C Factors X, IX, VII, II |
| HIT probability | “4 T’s” Thrombocytopenia Timing Thrombosis oTher causes of thrombocytopenia |
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Causes | MAID M – Malignancy A – Autoimmune diseases: SLE, thyroid disease, RA I – Infections: malaria, EBV, HIV/Idiopathic (commonest cause) D – Drugs, e.g. quinine |
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Presentation | BBC B – Bruising B – Bleeding: mucosal and nasal C – Cycles heavy; menorrhagia |
| TTP sx (Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura) | FAT RN (Pentad) Fever Anemia Thrombocytopenia Renal Failure Neurological symptoms |
Urology
| Sperm Pathway during Ejaculation | StEVE Seminiferous tubules Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct |
| Testicular Cancer Treatment | Eradicate Ball Cancer Etoposide Bleomycin Cisplatin |
Pharmaceuticals
| Adrenergic receptor – G protein (s, i, q) | Kiss (qiss) and Kick (qiq) until you are Sick (siq) of Super Kinky Sex (sqs) A1 – q M1 – q D1 – s A2 – i M2 – i D2 – i B1 – s M3 – q H1 – q B2 – s H2 – s V1 – q V2 – s |
| Gq receptors | Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M QCs H1 A1 V1 M1 M3 Gq – Phospholipase C – PIP2 -> IP3 -inc Ca2+ -> DAG – Protein Kinase C |
| Gs and Gi receptors | Gi – MAD 2s M2 A2 D2 Gs – the rest B1 B2 D1 H2 V2 Gs (+) –> Adenylyl Cyclase – Gi (-) ATP -> cAMP – Protein Kinase A |
| Aminogylcoside toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Teratogenic |
| Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy | Colored educations seek killer atlases once focused conditioned doorbells meet meticulous technical twigs respectful tonsils get truths Clarithromycin – embryotoxic Sulfonamides – kernicterus Aminoglycosides – ototoxic Fluoroquinolones – cartilage damage Metronidazole – mutagenesis – 1st trimester Tetracyclines – yellow teeth, inhibits bone growth Ribavirin – teratogenic Griseofulvin – teratogenic |
| Anticholinergic Side Effects | ABCs A – Anorexia B – Blurred vision C – Constipation ‘S – Stasis of Urine |
| Antihistamines | HISTory of Water hydroxyzine hydrochloride hydroxyzine |
| Cholinergic Agonist toxicity | DUMBBELSS Diarrhea Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Bradycardia Excitation of skeletal muscle + CNS Lacrimation Salivation Sweating |
| Corticosteroids Side Effect | BAM CUSHINGOID Buffalo hump Amenorrhea Moon facies Crazy (psychosis, agitation) Ulcers Skin changes Hypertension Infection Necrosis of femoral head Glaucoma and cataracts Osteoporosis Immunosuppression Diabetes |
| Disulfiram-like reactions | Metronidazole Certain cephalosporins Procarbazine 1st gen sulfonylureas |
| Drugs that act on microtubules | Microtubules Get Constructed Very Poorly Mebendazole Griseofulvin Colchicine Vincristine/Vinblastine Paclitaxel |
| Drugs that prolong QT and risk Torsades | Some Risky Meds Can Prolong QT Sotalol Risperidone Macrolides Chloroquine Protease inhibitors Quinidine Thiazides |
| Gynecomastia causing drugs | Some Dope Drugs Easily Create Awkward Hairy DD Knockers Spironolactone Dope (marijuana) Digoxin Estrogens Cimetidine Alcohol (chronic) Heroin Dopamine D2 antagonists Ketoconazole |
| Macrolide uses | PUS Pneumonia – atypical URI STDs – chlamydia, gonorrhea |
| Parasympathetic Inhibition (Antimusc/antichol) | Hot as a Hare – hyperpyrexia Red as a Beet – flushing Blind as a Bat – mydriasis, cycloplegia Dry as a Bone – lack of salivation/sweating Mad as a Hatter – confusion/delerium Bloated as a Toad – constipation and urinary retention +Tachycardia |
| Drugs that exhibit zero-order kinetic elimination | PEA Phenytoin Ethanol Aspirin |
| P450 inducers | Guinness, Coronas, and PBRS induce chronic alcoholism Griseofulvin Carbamazepine Phenytoin Barbiturates Rifampin St. Johns Wort Chronic Alcoholism |
| P450 inhibitors | CRACK AMIGOS Cimetidine Ritonavir (protease inhibitors) Amiodarone Ciprofloxacin Ketoconazole Acute alcohol use Macrolides Isoniazid Grapefruit juice Omeprazole Sulfonamides |
| Parkinsons drugs | BALSA Bromocriptine Amantadine Levodopa/Carbidopa Selegiline Antimuscarinics – Benztropine |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | Potassium, please have a SEAT Spironolactone aldosterone antagonist Eplerenone aldosterone antagonist Amiloride Na+ channel blocker Triamterene Na+ channel blocker |
| Protein synthesis inhibitors | Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50 30S: Aminoglycosides Tetracycline 50S: Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (all Macrolides) Lincomycin Linezolid |
| R’s of Rifampin | 4 R’s RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up microsomal P450 Red-orange body fluids Rapid Resistance if used alone |
| Serotonin Syndrome | MADAMS TIPS Mental status changes Agitation Diarrhea Ataxia Myoclonus Shivering Tremor Inc reflex Pyrexia Sweating 3 A’s 1) Autonomic instability 2) Altered mental status/agitation 3) Neuromuscular activity (e.g. hyperreflexia) |
| Sulfa pills – allergies | Sulfa Pills Frequently Cause Terrible Acute Symptoms Sulfasalazine Probenecid Furosemide Celecoxib Thiazides/TMP-SMX Acetazolamide Sulfonylureas |
| Tetracycline uses | VACUUM THe BedRoom Vibrio cholera Acne Chlamydia Ureaplasma urealyticum Mycoplasma Tularemia H. pylori Borrelia Rickettsia |
| Vaccines – Live Attenuated | MR. VaZ MAPSY Measles Rubella Varicella-Zoster Measles Adenovirus Polio (Sabin) Yellow fever |
| Vaccines – Killed | RIP Always Rabies Influenza (injected) Polio (Salk) – SalK=Killed hep A virus |
| Vancomycin toxicity | NOT Nephro Oto Thrombophlebitis |
Diseases
Type the disease in the search box ->
[table id=1 /]Youtube Videos
Glycolysis Video! <- Click this Link to see video
Popular Pages
Best Resources for Medical School and Residency <-Click the link to view page!
Medschool Anki <- Click the link to view the page!
